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Table 2 Residential characteristics of the study participants

From: Residential exposure to air pollution and access to neighborhood greenspace in relation to hair cortisol concentrations during the second and third trimester of pregnancy

Variable

Categorical variables (n=149)

n (%)

Neighborhood greenspace

Access to small neighborhood greenspace

 No

9 (6.0)

 Yes

140 (94.0)

Access to large neighborhood greenspace

 No

36 (24.2)

 Yes

113 (75.8)

Eurostat urbanization

 Cities

56 (37.6)

 Towns and suburbs

93 (62.4)

 Rural

0

Noise levels

 Lden <  53 dB

97 (65.1)

 Lden ≥ 53 dB

47 (31.5)

 Missing

5 (3.4)

Continuous variables

Geometric mean (95% CI)

 Distance to major roads (m) (n=149)

290 (240, 349)

2nd trimester air pollution (μg/m3) (n=133)

 NO2 90 days prior to sampling

23.03 (21.67, 24.47)

 NO2 1 year prior to sampling

24.55 (23.39, 25.76)

 PM2.5 90 days prior to sampling

11.61 (11.06, 12.21)

 PM2.5 1 year prior to sampling

13.09 (12.81, 13.37)

 BC 90 days prior to sampling

1.13 (1.05, 1.21)

 BC 1 year prior to sampling

1.29 (1.24, 1.36)

3rd trimester air pollution (μg/m3) (n=78)

 NO2 90 days prior to sampling

23.19 (21.53, 24.98)

 NO2 1 year prior to sampling

24.70 (23.27, 26.23)

 PM2.5 90 days prior to sampling

11.55 (10.95, 12.18)

 PM2.5 1 year prior to sampling

12.70 (12.42, 12.99)

 BC 90 days prior to sampling

1.17 (1.07, 1.28)

 BC 1 year prior to sampling

1.29 (1.21, 1.37)

 Ambient temperature (°Celsius)

 90 days prior to 2nd trimester sampling (n=133)

10.5 (9.7, 11.4)

 90 days prior to 3rd trimester sampling (n=81)

12.6 (11.7, 13.3)

 Area deprivation index (%) (n=149)

16.4 (14.6, 18.1)

  1. Note: Categorical data is described as frequencies (%), continuous data is described by geometric mean with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). All data is based on the maternal residential address. Major roads include E- or N-roads. Access to small neighborhood greenspace is defined as access to > 0.2 ha (ha) of greenspace within a travel distance of 400 m (m) from residence, access to large neighborhood greenspace is defined as access to > 10 ha of greenspace within a travel distance of 800 m from residence. Lden, day–evening–night noise level; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; PM2.5, fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm; BC, black carbon