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Table 2 Descriptive statistics of overall yearly rate of change in CIMT (μm/year) from childhood (age 10–11 years) to adulthood (age 21–22 years) by participant characteristics (N = 70)

From: Childhood traffic-related air pollution and adverse changes in subclinical atherosclerosis measures from childhood to adulthood

 

N (%)

Mean Rate of Change CIMT (μm/year)

SD

p-valuea

Sex

   

0.62

 Male

29 (41.4)

1.45

4.92

 

 Female

41 (58.6)

2.18

6.50

 

Race

   

0.60

 White

44 (62.9)

1.73

3.48

 

 More than one race

14 (20.0)

1.30

4.05

 

 Otherb

5 (7.1)

5.31

18.35

 

 Unknown/not reported

7 (10.0)

1.50

6.17

 

Ethnicity

   

0.26

 Hispanic

38 (54.3)

1.04

4.29

 

 Non-Hispanic

30 (42.8)

3.14

7.24

 

 Unknown/not reported

2 (2.9)

−1.14

9.15

 

Parental Educational Attainment

   

 0.34

 High school or less

18 (25.7)

0.32

5.24

 

 Some college or technical school

21 (30.0)

1.72

3.83

 

 Completed college or more

31 (44.3)

2.89

7.16

 

BMI category - child measurement

   

0.01

 Underweight (< 18.5)

5 (7.1)

1.25

5.42

 

 Normal (18.5 to < 25)

44 (62.9)

1.51

4.02

 

 Overweight (25 to < 30)

14 (20.0)

0.02

3.55

 

 Obese (≥30)

7 (10.0)

8.35

13.21

 

BMI category - adult measurement

   

0.01

 Underweight (< 18.5)

3 (4.3)

2.74

1.32

 

 Normal (18.5 to < 25)

42 (60.0)

1.05

4.29

 

 Overweight (25 to < 30)

18 (25.7)

1.08

3.95

 

 Obese (≥30)

7 (10.0)

8.50

12.91

 

Change in BMI category

   

0.27

 Underweight/normal - no change

40 (57.1)

1.47

4.16

 

 Overweight/obese - no change

16 (22.9)

4.09

9.54

 

 Underweight/normal to overweight/obese

9 (12.9)

1.51

4.16

 

 Overweight/obese to underweight/normal

5 (7.1)

−1.33

3.79

 

Change Direction in BMI Category

   

0.37

 Decrease

10 (14.2)

−0.10

3.70

 

 No change

44 (62.9)

2.59

6.68

 

 Increase

16 (22.9)

1.15

4.20

 

Child Systolic Blood Pressure

   

0.14

 Below 75th percentile (< 106 mmHg)

52 (74.3)

1.27

3.91

 

 Above 75th percentile (≥106 mmHg)

18 (25.7)

3.62

9.46

 

Adult Systolic Blood Pressure

   

0.59

 Below 75th percentile (< 111 mmHg)

51 (67.9)

1.65

6.20

 

 Above 75th percentile (≥111 mmHg)

19 (27.1)

2.50

4.95

 

Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

   

0.42

 Below 75th percentile (< 8.7 mmHg change)

42 (60.0)

1.41

6.62

 

 Above 75th percentile (≥8.7 mmHg change)

28 (40.0)

2.57

4.53

 

Smoking status

   

0.14

 Never smoked

45 (64.3)

2.88

6.61

 

 Smoked but not in past 12 months

15 (21.4)

0.59

4.12

 

 Smoked in past 12 months

10 (14.3)

−0.69

2.96

 

Any family history of CV eventsc

   

0.19

 No

27 (38.6)

0.85

3.87

 

 Yes

43 (61.4)

2.52

6.79

 
  1. aAs determined by t-test or one-way ANOVA; bold values represent p < 0.05
  2. bOther includes Asian, Pacific Islander, Alaska Native and American Indian
  3. cEvents include hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), hypertension (high blood pressure), stroke, coronary artery disease, and/or any other heart disease for any biological family members