Childhood traffic-related air pollution and adverse changes in subclinical atherosclerosis measures from childhood to adulthood

Table 3 Estimates of association between ambient and traffic-related air pollutants and rate of change in CIMT (μm) per year from childhood to adulthood, adjusted for personal smoking, adult BMI and parental education (N = 70)

	Estimate (95% CI) per 1 SD increase in exposure^a	P-value
Ambient Pollutants (monthly average)
Daily 8-h max O₃ concentration (ppb)	−1.02 (− 2.41, 0.36)	0.14
24-h average PM_2.5 concentration (μg/m³)	− 0.40 (− 1.75, 0.96)	0.56
24-h average PM₁₀ concentration (μg/m³)	−0.51 (− 1.85, 0.85)	0.46
24-h average NO₂ concentration (μg/m³)	0.17 (−1.19, 1.53)	0.81
Local Traffic-Related Pollutants/Measures
Total NOx (ppb)	2.17 (0.78, 3.56)	0.003
Freeway NOx (ppb)	2.24 (0.84, 3.63)	0.002
Non-Freeway NOx (ppb)	0.60 (−0.78, 1.98)	0.39
Traffic Density (within 300 m buffer)	2.11 (0.79, 3.43)	0.002

^aEstimates are each scaled to represent yearly change in CIMT relative to a 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in childhood exposure to the corresponding pollutant

ISSN: 1476-069X