Risk of cardiovascular mortality, stroke and coronary heart mortality associated with aircraft noise around Congonhas airport, São Paulo, Brazil: a small-area study

Table 1 Census tract, population and cause-specific death counts (and %) per exposure and covariate levels

					Health outcome
		Census tracts	Population 2010^a		CVD		Stroke		CHD
		n	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Exposure	Noise levels
	≤ 50 dB	1835	2,049,934	58.04	12,377	56.42	2055	57.07	4721	55.82
	> 50–55 dB	749	790,422	22.38	4751	21.66	822	22.83	1820	21.52
	> 55–60 dB	316	326,106	9.23	2096	9.56	325	9.03	823	9.73
	> 60–65 dB	205	207,354	5.87	1431	6.52	216	6.00	569	6.73
	> 65 dB	154	158,394	4.48	1281	5.84	183	5.08	524	6.20
Covariates	MHDI 2010
	Q1 - the poorest	652	855,980	24.23	3726	16.99	656	18.22	1349	15.95
	Q2	652	809,818	22.93	5324	24.27	903	25.08	2040	24.12
	Q3	652	659,400	18.67	5023	22.90	787	21.86	1919	22.69
	Q4	652	614,414	17.39	4248	19.37	670	18.61	1691	20.00
	Q5 - the wealthiest	651	592,598	16.78	3615	16.48	585	16.25	1458	17.24
	Total traffic density (vehicle/hour/m²)
	Q1 - lowest	652	722,466	20.45	2454	11.19	433	12.02	905	10.70
	Q2	652	796,238	22.54	4694	21.40	767	21.30	1846	21.83
	Q3	652	744,686	21.08	5096	23.23	833	23.13	1944	22.99
	Q4	652	652,568	18.47	4762	21.71	754	20.94	1849	21.86
	Q5 - highest	651	616,252	17.45	4930	22.47	814	22.60	1913	22.62
	Black and Brown population
	< average	1871	1,799,222	50.94	12,364	56.36	1963	54.51	4937	58.38
	Average - 2-fold average	515	608,980	17.24	4513	20.57	750	20.83	1676	19.82
	> 2-fold average	873	1,124,008	31.82	5059	23.06	888	24.66	1844	21.80
	Smoking proxy
	≤ 0.85	123	429,194	12.15	898	4.09	109	3.03	357	4.22
	> 0.85, 0.95	455	1,636,602	46.33	2668	12.16	458	12.72	1016	12.01
	> 0.95, 1.05	1503	1,119,786	31.70	10,030	45.72	1655	45.96	3907	46.20
	> 1.05, 1.15	985	215,012	6.09	6933	31.61	1171	32.52	2649	31.32
	> 1.15	193	131,616	3.73	1407	6.41	208	5.78	528	6.24
	Total	3259	3,532,210		21,936		3601		8457

^a 2010 population estimates provided as this was the year of the census
Note: CVD Cardiovascular disease. CHD Coronary heart disease. MHDI Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (Municipal Human Development Index). Data sources for mortality data: SIM/SMS-SP; noise levels: INFRAERO and Prof Jules G. Slama (personal communication); Index of Human Development and total traffic density: Ribeiro et al 2019; Black and Brown population: IBGE

ISSN: 1476-069X