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Table 2 Associations between blood cadmium concentrations (per 0.1 µg/L) and reproductive hormones and metabolic markers

From: Associations between blood cadmium and endocrine features related to PCOS-phenotypes in healthy women of reproductive age: a prospective cohort study

 

Unadjusted

Model 1

Model 2

 

%Difference (95 % CI)

%Difference (95 % CI)

%Difference (95 % CI)

Reproductive hormones

Testosterone (ng/dL)

0.5 (-1.3, 2.3)

2.0 (0.3, 3.7)*

2.2 (0.4, 4.1)*

Free testosterone (ng/dL)

-0.4 (-2.2, 1.3)

1.3 (-0.3, 2.8)

1.3 (-0.3, 3.0)

Free androgen index

-2.6 (-5.0, -0.1)*

-0.3 (-2.5, 2.0)

-0.8 (-3.1, 1.6)

SHBG (nmol/L)

3.2 (0.8, 5.7)**

2.2 (-0.1, 4.5)

2.9 (0.5, 5.5)*

AMH (ng/mL)

-2.0 (-8.5, 5.0)

5.9 (-0.3, 12.4)

7.7 (1.1, 14.9)*

Metabolic markers

Insulin (µU/mL)

-2.1 (-4.0, -0.1)*

-1.6 (-3.4, 0.2)

-1.3 (-3.2, 0.6)

Glucose (mg/dL)

0.1 (-0.2, 0.4)

0.0 (-0.3, 0.3)

0.1 (-0.3, 0.4)

HOMA-IR

-1.9 (-4.0, 0.1)

-1.6 (-3.5, 0.3)

-1.2 (-3.3, 0.8)

  1. Model 1: Adjusted for age, BMI, race, and parity
  2. Model 2: Adjusted for age, BMI, race, parity, and smoking
  3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01
  4. AMH anti Müllerian hormone, BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, SHBG sex hormone-binding globulin