|
Exposure
|
CRFsa:
|
PM2.5: β1 = 5.4a
|
NO2: β2 = 6a
|
|---|
|
Area
|
\( {\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}}_{\mathbf{1}} \)
|
(SEW)/(SEB)b
|
Bias (%)c
|
Coverage Probability (%)
|
Power (%)
|
\( {\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}}_{\mathbf{2}} \)
|
(SEW)/(SEB)b
|
Bias (%)c
|
Coverage Probability (%)
|
Power (%)
|
|---|
|
True
|
Europe
|
5.37
|
(1.48)/(3.46)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
6.00
|
(1.79)/(4.20)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
East NA
|
5.42
|
(1.88)/(4.41
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
5.98
|
(1.39)/(3.25)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
West NA
|
5.40
|
(1.95)/(4.58)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
5.99
|
(1.48)/(3.45)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
Classical
|
Europe
|
4.86
|
(1.36)/(3.27)
|
−10.0
|
55.3
|
76.0
|
4.49
|
(1.52)/(3.82)
|
−25.1
|
51.1
|
67.6
|
|
East NA
|
4.58
|
(1.67)/(4.02)
|
−15.1
|
54.6
|
65.2
|
4.97
|
(1.25)/(3.09)
|
−17.2
|
53.9
|
80.4
|
|
West NA
|
4.52
|
(1.72)/(4.17)
|
−16.3
|
54.3
|
63.7
|
4.85
|
(1.30)/(3.24)
|
−19.2
|
52.8
|
77.2
|
|
Berkson
|
Europe
|
5.84
|
(1.70)/(4.02)
|
+ 8.2
|
59.3
|
75.4
|
5.53
|
(2.46)/(5.89)
|
−7.9
|
58.8
|
62.2
|
|
East NA
|
5.78
|
(2.73)/(6.43)
|
+ 7.1
|
59.3
|
62.2
|
6.17
|
(1.95)/(4.58)
|
+ 2.8
|
59.7
|
75.6
|
|
West NA
|
5.62
|
(3.29)/(7.88)
|
+ 4.1
|
59.3
|
60.2
|
6.09
|
(2.50)/(5.87)
|
+ 1.5
|
59.2
|
71.1
|
|
Mixtured
|
Europe
|
5.33
|
(1.49)/(3.57)
|
−1.3
|
57.9
|
76.1
|
4.36
|
(2.00)/(5.10)
|
−27.4
|
55.0
|
60.8
|
|
East NA
|
4.91
|
(1.91)/(4.61)
|
−9.1
|
57.1
|
63.2
|
5.37
|
(1.48)/(3.58)
|
−10.6
|
58.0
|
76.9
|
|
West NA
|
4.84
|
(1.99)/(4.81)
|
−10.3
|
57.2
|
61.5
|
5.20
|
(1.58)/(3.85)
|
−13.3
|
57.1
|
72.8
|
- aConcentration-response functions for generation of the health outcome
- b SEW:Within-simulations (or model-based) standard error, SEB:Between-simulations (or empirical) standard error
- c Relative bias = \( \frac{\left({\hat{\boldsymbol{\beta}}}_{\boldsymbol{\iota}}-{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\right)}{{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_{\boldsymbol{\iota}}} \)
- d (Classical,Berkson) percentages: (43,57%) for PM2.5, (33,67%) for NO2
