Fig. 1

Associations of exposures with non-accidental mortality in a priori specified models ^{a, b}. ^a Associations are expressed per IQR increase. Model 1 (m1) included the baseline hazard, a strata term for sex. Model 2 (m2) is additionally adjusted for standardized household income, region of origin and marital status. Model 3 (m3) is additionally adjusted for socio-economic composite score (based on the educational, occupational and economical status) at a four digit postal code level. Model 4 (m4, main model) is additionally adjusted for mean income per income recipient of the region, unemployment rate of the region, percentage non-western immigrants of the region, mean income per income recipient of the neighborhood, unemployment rate of the neighborhood and percentage non-western immigrants of the neighborhood. Sensitivity analysis: m.clstr (main model additionally included a cluster term for neighborhood code), m.urban: (main model additionally adjusted for degree of urbanization), m.region (main model additionally adjusted for region of the Netherlands), m.nnmvrs (main model for all subjects that did not move 5 years before the start of the follow-up period), m.ind.adj (main model indirectly adjusted for smoking status and BMI). ^b NO₂ and PM_2.5 were estimated with the average of the national LUR, Europe-wide hybrid and national dispersion models. OP^DTT was estimated with a national LUR model