Table 1 Population characteristics (n = 10,481,566)

Individual covariates

 Age

53 (23)

 Sex

male

5,109,777 (0.49)

female

5,371,789 (0.51)

 Marital status

married

6,385,590 (0.61)

widowed

821,282 (0.08)

divorced

1,147,403 (0.11)

single

2,127,291 (0.20)

 Region of origin

Morocco

163,553 (0.02)

Turkey

197,937 (0.02)

Suriname

199,253 (0.02)

Antilles Netherlands

67,021 (0.01)

Other non-western

325,276 (0.03)

western

1,026,870 (0.10)

Netherlands

8,501,656 (0.81)

 Standardized household income

 < 1%

53,471 (0.01)

1–5%

135,758 (0.01)

5–10%

335,972 (0.03)

10–25%

1,280,658 (0.12)

25–50%

2,555,622 (0.25)

50–75%

2,810,407 (0.27)

75–90%

1,813,078 (0.18)

90–95%

633,437 (0.06)

95–99%

517,220 (0.05)

 > 99%

128,445 (0.01)

Area-level SES covariates

 Composite SES 4 digit postal code

Based on education, income and paid occupation (year = 2011–2014)

0.3 (1.3)

 Mean income neighborhood

Mean income per income recipient *€ 1000 (year = 2010)

29.3 (5.4)

 Unemployment rate neighborhood

Number of people with income support per 1000 inhabitants of 15–64 years (year = 2010)

25.0 (10.0)

 Percentage non-western immigrants neighborhood

Percentage non-western immigrants (year = 2010)

7.0 (11.0)

 Mean income region

Mean income per income recipient *€ 1000 (year = 2010)

34.1 (2.6)

 Unemployment rate region

Number of people with income support per 1000 inhabitants of 15–64 years (year = 2010)

24.5 (7.3)

 Percentage non-western immigrants region

Percentage non-western immigrants (year = 2010)

8.4 (5.9)

Mortality outcomes

 Non-accidental mortality

776,021 (0.07)

 Circulatory disease mortality

215,018 (0.02)

 Ischemic heart disease mortality

49,530 (0.00)

 Cerebrovascular disease mortality

52,276 (0.00)

 Respiratory disease mortality

69,401 (0.01)

 COPD mortality

37,203 (0.00)

 Lung cancer mortality

59,837 (0.01)

 Neurodegenerative disease mortality

90,587 (0.01)

 Dementia mortality

57,122 (0.01)

Exposures

 NDVI 300 m (unitless)

0.52 (0.14)

 TOP10NL 300 m (proportion)

0.18 (0.23)

 NDVI 1000 m (unitless)

0.55 (0.14)

 TOP10NL 1000 m (proportion)

0.34 (0.31)

 NO₂ (µg/m³) ^a

26.3 (8.3)

 PM_2.5 (µg/m³) ^a

16.8 (1.4)

 BC (10^–5/m) ^a

1.3 (0.3)

 PM₁₀ (µg/m³) ^b

24.5 (1.3)

 PM_coarse (µg/m³) ^b

8.1 (0.8)

 OP^DTT (nmol DTT/min/m³) ^b

1.2 (0.3)

 OP^ESR (A.U./1000/m³) ^{b, c}

0.9 (0.2)

 Road traffic noise (L_den, dB)

53.5 (7.5)

 Rail-traffic noise (L_den, dB)

30.7 (9.4)