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Table 3 Associations of SHS exposure during early life with the increased problems within the clinical range using the SDSC in children aged 6–18 yearsa

From: Exposure to second-hand smoke during early life and subsequent sleep problems in children: a population-based cross-sectional study

Odd Ratios (95%CI)

Exposure to SHS during early life

Unexposed

Ever exposed during pregnancy or the first 2 years of life

Ever exposed during both pregnancy and the first 2 years of life

Increased sleep problems

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.91 (1.65, 2.21)

2.43 (2.15, 2.74)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.76 (1.52, 2.04)

2.14 (1.89, 2.42)

Increased DIMS

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.52 (1.30, 1.78)

1.99 (1.75, 2.27)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.43 (1.22, 1.67)

1.78 (1.56, 2.04)

Increased SBD

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.50 (1.33, 1.70)

1.80 (1.62, 2.00)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.48 (1.31, 1.67)

1.77 (1.59, 1.97)

Increased DA

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.53 (1.31, 1.78)

1.68 (1.47, 1.92)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.42 (1.21, 1.66)

1.48 (1.29, 1.70)

Increased SWTD

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.61 (1.41, 1.83)

2.13 (1.91, 2.37)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.53 (1.34, 1.75)

1.97 (1.76, 2.20)

Increased DOES

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.56 (1.39, 1.76)

1.99 (1.80, 2.20)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.49 (1.32, 1.68)

1.85 (1.67, 2.05)

Increased SHY

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.41 (1.24, 1.59)

1.73 (1.55, 1.92)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.42 (1.25, 1.61)

1.77 (1.58, 1.97)

Shorter sleep duration

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.08 (0.96, 1.22)

1.07 (0.96, 1.19)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.06 (0.93, 1.20)

1.05 (0.94, 1.18)

Longer sleep latency

 Model 1

[1] Reference

1.65 (1.30, 2.10)

1.75 (1.41, 2.16)

 Model 2

[1] Reference

1.53 (1.20, 1.96)

1.54 (1.24, 1.92)

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval, DA Disorders of arousal, DIMS Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, DOES Disorders of excessive somnolence, SBD Sleep breathing disorders, SDSC The Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children, SHS Second-hand smoke, SHY Sleep hyperhidrosis, SWTD Sleep–wake transition disorders
  2. aModel was adjusted for a school-level random intercept, child age, sex, only child, preterm birth and low birth weight, parental educational levels, yearly household income, maternal age during pregnancy, maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy