Domestic use of pesticides during early periods of development and risk of testicular germ cell tumors in adulthood: a French nationwide case-control study

Danjou, Aurélie M. N.; Pérol, Olivia; Coste, Astrid; Faure, Elodie; Béranger, Rémi; Boyle, Helen; Belladame, Elodie; Grassot, Lény; Dubuis, Matthieu; Spinosi, Johan; Bouaoun, Liacine; Fléchon, Aude; Bujan, Louis; Drouineaud, Véronique; Eustache, Florence; Berthaut, Isabelle; Perrin, Jeanne; Brugnon, Florence; Charbotel, Barbara; Schüz, Joachim; Fervers, Béatrice

doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00795-y

Environmental Health

Table 4 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for TGCT associated with domestic use of pesticides during early periods of development, by household applications, overall and according to histological subtypes, case-control study, N = 578, France, 2015–2018

From: Domestic use of pesticides during early periods of development and risk of testicular germ cell tumors in adulthood: a French nationwide case-control study

	Total	Controls A + B	All TGCT cases		Non-Seminomas		Seminomas		P-HET^b
	(N = 578)	(N = 274)	(N = 304)		(N = 132)		(N = 144)
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	OR^a (95% CI)	n (%)	OR^a (95% CI)	n (%)	OR^a (95% CI)
For Gardening
Use of pesticides									0.08
No	433 (74.9)	206 (75.2)	227 (74.7)	1.00	90 (68.2)	1.00	116 (80.6)	1.00
Yes	138 (23.9)	65 (23.7)	73 (24.0)	1.18 (0.77, 1.82)	39 (29.5)	1.60 (0.92, 2.78)	27 (18.8)	0.78 (0.43, 1.40)
Missing	7 (1.2)	3 (1.1)	4 (1.3)	–	3 (2.3)	–	1 (0.7)	–
Use of insecticides									0.17
No	509 (88.1)	240 (87.6)	269 (88.5)	1.00	114 (86.4)	1.00	130 (90.3)	1.00
Yes	69 (11.9)	34 (12.4)	35 (11.5)	1.11 (0.63, 1.94)	18 (13.6)	1.66 (0.83, 3.33)	14 (9.7)	0.79 (0.36, 1.73)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–
Use of herbicides									0.17
No	508 (87.9)	242 (88.3)	266 (87.5)	1.00	111 (84.1)	1.00	129 (89.6)	1.00
Yes	70 (12.1)	32 (11.7)	38 (12.5)	1.15 (0.67, 2.00)	21 (15.9)	1.64 (0.83, 3.27)	15 (10.4)	0.80 (0.37, 1.71)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–
Use of fungicides									0.75
No	541 (93.6)	257 (93.8)	284 (93.4)	1.00	122 (92.4)	1.00	135 (93.8)	1.00
Yes	37 (6.4)	17 (6.2)	20 (6.6)	1.22 (0.59, 2.54)	10 (7.6)	1.28 (0.50, 3.30)	9 (6.3)	1.03 (0.40, 2.65)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–
On Indoor Plants^c
Use of insecticides									0.82
No	545 (94.3)	262 (95.6)	283 (93.1)	1.00	124 (93.9)	1.00	133 (92.4)	1.00
Yes	28 (4.8)	10 (3.6)	18 (5.9)	2.06 (0.89, 4.75)	7 (5.3)	1.90 (0.62, 5.80)	10 (6.9)	2.26 (0.83, 6.15)
Missing	5 (0.9)	2 (0.7)	3 (1.0)	–	1 (0.8)	–	1 (0.7)	–
For Pest Control
Use of insecticides									0.19
No	174 (30.1)	82 (29.9)	92 (30.3)	1.00	38 (28.8)	1.00	45 (31.3)	1.00
Yes	404 (69.9)	192 (70.1)	212 (69.7)	1.12 (0.75, 1.69)	94 (71.2)	1.49 (0.83, 2.67)	99 (68.8)	0.89 (0.54, 1.49)
Missing	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–
Insecticide use frequency against crawling insects									0.58
No use	371 (64.2)	183 (66.8)	188 (61.8)	1.00	79 (59.8)	1.00	93 (64.6)	1.00
Less than once a month	153 (26.5)	67 (24.5)	86 (28.3)	1.31 (0.85, 2.02)	40 (30.3)	1.65 (0.90, 3.04)	36 (25.0)	1.07 (0.62, 1.86)
Less than once a week	32 (5.5)	17 (6.2)	15 (4.9)	0.83 (0.38, 1.80)	7 (5.3)	0.98 (0.35, 2.73)	8 (5.6)	0.73 (0.29, 1.88)
More than once a week to daily	20 (3.5)	6 (1.8)	14 (3.3)	1.78 (0.56, 5.60)	5 (3.8)	1.43 (0.27, 7.68)	7 (4.9)	2.07 (0.48, 9.00)
Missing	2 (0.3)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.3)	–	1 (0.8)	–	0 (0.0)	–
*P trend*				0.41		0.39		0.80
Insecticide use frequency against flying insects									0.33
No use	228 (39.4)	106 (38.7)	122 (40.1)	1.00	51 (38.6)	1.00	58 (40.3)	1.00
Less than once a month	153 (26.5)	73 (26.6)	80 (26.3)	1.16 (0.73, 1.85)	36 (27.3)	1.53 (0.79, 2.96)	40 (27.8)	0.93 (0.52, 1.67)
Less than once a week	83 (14.4)	40 (14.6)	43 (14.1)	0.94 (0.53, 1.67)	22 (16.7)	1.43 (0.67, 3.05)	16 (11.1)	0.62 (0.28, 1.36)
More than once a week	77 (13.3)	39 (14.2)	38 (12.5)	0.94 (0.52, 1.70)	16 (12.1)	1.17 (0.50, 2.76)	19 (13.2)	0.87 (0.41, 1.83)
Daily	35 (6.1)	14 (5.1)	21 (6.9)	1.98 (0.89, 4.44)	7 (5.3)	1.21 (0.36, 4.10)	11 (7.6)	2.60 (0.95, 7.10)
Missing	2 (0.3)	2 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–	0 (0.0)	–
*P trend*				0.45		0.59		0.52
Wood and Mold^d
Use of fungicides and/or insecticides for woodwork									0.03
No	517 (89.4)	249 (90.9)	268 (88.2)	1.00	110 (83.3)	1.00	134 (93.1)	1.00
Yes	57 (9.9)	24 (8.8)	33 (10.9)	1.36 (0.73, 2.55)	21 (15.9)	2.35 (1.06, 5.20)	8 (5.6)	0.58 (0.22, 1.53)
Missing	4 (0.7)	1 (0.4)	3 (1.0)	–	1 (0.8)	–	2 (1.4)	–
Pets
Use of insecticides on cats and dogs									0.01
No	410 (70.9)	195 (71.2)	215 (70.7)	1.00	85 (64.4)	1.00	114 (79.2)	1.00
Yes	163 (28.2)	76 (27.7)	87 (28.6)	1.14 (0.76, 1.71)	45 (34.1)	1.95 (1.12, 3.40)	30 (20.8)	0.66 (0.38, 1.15)
Missing	5 (0.9)	3 (1.1)	2 (0.7)	–	2 (1.5)	–	0 (0.0)	–
Use of insecticides on other animals^e
No	565 (97.8)	268 (97.8)	297 (97.7)	1.00
Yes	11 (1.9)	6 (2.2)	5 (1.6)	0.38 (0.09, 1.61)
Missing	2 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	2 (0.7)	–

OR odds ratios, CI confidence intervals
^a Estimates obtained comparing TGCT cases to group A and group B controls combined. Analysis was restricted to subjects with no missing data for the exposure variable (0.2 to 1.4% excluded)
^b P-value for heterogeneity derived from the Likelihood Ratio Test, comparing seminoma versus non-seminoma tumours
^c Use of fungicides on indoors plants was not presented because some cells had less than 5 subjects
^d Use of fungicides on mold was not presented because some cells had less than 5 subjects
^e Analysis by subtype for use of insecticides on other animals was not presented because some cells had less than 5 subjects

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