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Table 3 Estimated HRs for Fatal CVD, CVD AMI, and stroke events associated with an increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5, according to individual and clinical variables

From: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in an Eastern Mediterranean country: findings based on a 15-year cohort study

Characteristic

Fatal CVD

CVD Events

AMI Events

Stroke Events

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

Gender

  

0.750

  

0.001

  

0.125

  

0.171

 Female

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Male

1.712 (1.020,2.873)

1.009 (0.998,1.020)

 

1.351 (1.051,1.735)

1.006 (1.001,1.011)

 

2.167 (1.148,4.090)

1.013 (1.000,1.027)

 

1.153(0.678,1.958)

1.003 (0.992,1.014)

 

Age

  

0.050

  

0.004

  

0.078

  

0.001

 < 60

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 > 60

6.943 (4.182,11.527)

1.046 (1.033,1.060)

 

2.524 (2.005,3.177)

1.017 (1.012,1.022)

 

1.903 (1.045,3.468)

1.009 (0.996,1.022)

 

4.687 (2.880,7.628)

1.031 (1.020,1.043)

 

SES

0.998 (0.990,1.001)

0.999 (0.989,1.011)

0.258

0.997 (0.980,1.010)

0.999 (0.994,1.003)

0.780

0.997 (0.991,1.012)

1.000 (0.988,1.013)

0.138

1.001 (0.988,1.014)

0.996 (0.986,1.007)

0.700

Smoking Status

  

0.935

  

0.03

     

0.913

 None

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Ever

1.336 (0.803,2.221)

1.004 (0.993,1.016)

 

1.411 (1.07,1.817)

1.006 (1.001,1.011)

 

1.410 (0.755,2.634)

1.009 (0.997,1.022)

 

1.577(0.926,2.687)

1.007 (0.996,1.018)

 

Physical Activity

0.402 (0.193,0.837)

0.991 (0.984,0.998)

< 0.001

0.627 (0.457,0.859)

0.995 (0.992,0.998)

0.001

0.402 (0.157,1.032)

0.992 (0.984,0.999)

0.004

0.435 (0.205,0.920)

0.993 (0.986,1.000)

0.03

Dietary behaviors

  

0.515

  

0.816

  

0.179

  

0.474

 Poor

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Healthy

1.104 (0.551,2.211)

1.004 (0.988,1.011)

 

1.087(0.778,1.520)

1.001 (0.994,1.008)

 

0.692 (0.324,1.478)

0.992 (0.977,1.007)

 

1.067 (0.530,2.148)

1.001 (0.986, 1.016)

 

Hypertension Status

  

0.001

  

0.001

  

0.117

  

< 0.001

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Yes

1.809 (1.161,2.818)

1.013 (1.003,1.023)

 

1.783 (1.431,2.223)

1.012 (1.007,1.016)

 

1.394 (0.782,2.485)

1.007 (0.996,1.019)

 

1.924 (1.210,3.059)

1.012 (1.002,1.022)

 

Diabetes

  

0.020

  

0.040

  

0.010

  

0.010

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Yes

3.964 (2.437,6.448)

1.033 (1.022,1.044)

 

2.238 (1.675,2.991)

1.016 (1.009,1.022)

 

3.650 (1.877,7.099)

1.025 (1.011,1.039)

 

3.255 (1.888,5.611)

1.024 (1.012,1.037)

 

Cholesterol

1.003 (0.998,1.008)

1.000 (1.000,1.000)

0.867

1.002 (1.000,1.005)

1.000 (1.000,1.000)

0.005

1.010 (1.005,1.015)

1.000 (1.000,1.000)

0.020

0.997 (0.992,1.002)

1.000 (1.000,1.000)

0.368

Triglycerides

0.997 (0.994,1.001)

1.000 (0.999,1.000)

0.116

1.000 (0.999,1.002)

1.000 (1.000,1.000)

0.687

0.998 (0.994,1.001)

1.000 (0.999,1.000)

0.811

1.000 (0.997,1.003)

1.000 (1.000,1.000)

0.146

LDL to HDL ratio

0.145 (0.016,1.319)

0.981 (0.965,0.998)

0.003

1.252 (0.170,9.253)

0.998 (0.988,1.008)

0.638

–

1.021 (0.988,1.056)

0.362

–

–

–

BMI

0.865 (0.478,1.563)

0.996 (0.983,1.009)

0.695

1.252 (0.170,9.253)

1.002 (0.997,1.007)

0.375

1.022 (0.529,1.974)

1.000 (0.9987,1.013)

0.346

1.508 (0.902,2.520)

1.010 (1.000,1.021)

0.910

History of heart disease in the family

  

0.501

  

0.714

  

0.097

  

0.344

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Yes

1.133 (0.540,2.378)

1.003 (0.987,1.018)

 

1.109 (0.754,1.630)

1.002 (0.994,1.009)

 

1.037 (0.367,2.925)

0.999 (0.980,1.020)

 

0.978 (0.420,2.280)

1.000 (0.984,1.018)

 

Urban/Rural status

  

0.117

  

0.001

  

0.004

  

0.004

 Urban

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Rural

0.988 (0.971,1.001)

0.987 (0.973,1.000)

 

0.988 (0.975,1.011)

0.989 (0.984,0.994)

 

0.988 (0.975,1.011)

0.984 (0.970,0.998)

 

0.986 (0.970,1.000)

0.987 (0.975,1.000)

 
  1. aCrude model: adjusted no factors associated with CVD events
  2. bAdjusted model: adjusted for gender (coded as female/male), age (coded as < 60/> 60), SES (continues), smoking status (coded as none/ever), physical activity (continues), dietary behaviors (coded as poor/healthy), hypertension status (coded as no/yes), diabetes (coded as no/yes), cholesterol (continues), triglycerides (continues), LDL to HDL ratio (continues), BMI (continues), history of heart disease in the family (coded as no/yes), urban/rural status (coded as urban/rural), cluster random effect
  3. cP-values are the interaction results between PM2.5 exposure and individual/clinical variables
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X