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Table 4 Estimated HRs for fatal CVD and CVD events associated with PM2.5 tertiles, according to individual and clinical variables

From: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in an Eastern Mediterranean country: findings based on a 15-year cohort study

Characteristic

Fatal CVD

CVD Events

AMI Events

Stroke Events

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

HR (95% CI)a

HR (95% CI)b

Pc

Gender

  

0.002

  

0.001

  

0.073

  

0.527

 Female

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Male

1.795 (1.068,3.018)

1.265 (1.003,1.595)

 

1.394 (1.084,1.793)

1.152 (1.032,1.286)

 

2.242 (1.185,4.242)

1.302 (0.976,1.737)

 

1.208 (0.709,2.058)

1.108 (0.881,1.394)

 

Age

  

< 0.001

  

0.035

  

0.207

  

< 0.001

 < 60

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 > 60

6.995 (4.218,11.601)

2.606 (1.956,3.471)

 

2.497 (1.984,3.142)

1.416 (1.274,1.581)

 

1.871 (1.027,3.409)

1.194 (0.902,1.580)

 

4.624 (2.844,7.518)

1.869 (1.474,2.370)

 

SES

0.971 (0.882,1011)

0.970 (0.763,1.234)

0.451

0.988 (0.880,1.023)

0.981 (0.884,1.089)

0.999

0.849 (0.664,1.211)

0.984 (0.751,1.290)

0.525

0.861 (0.724, 1.171)

0.922 (0.737,1.154)

0.283

Smoking Status

  

0.770

  

0.078

     

0.316

 None

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Ever

1.299 (0.780,2.162)

1.004 (0.787,1.279)

 

1.401(1.089,1.802)

1.110 (0.996,1.237)

 

1.407 (0.753,2.629)

1.209 (0.922,1.584)

 

1.536 (0.902,2.615)

1.119 (0.888,1.409)

 

Physical Activity

0.387 (0.186,0.808)

0.834 (0.717,0.967)

0.040

0.612 (0.446,0.840)

0.896 (0.838,0.958)

0.044

0.389 (0.151,0.999)

0.813 (0.678,0.976)

0.046

0.421 (0.199,0.892)

0.855 (0.739,0.991)

0.04

Dietary behaviors

  

0.120

     

0.096

  

0.231

 Poor

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Healthy

1.101 (0.549,2.207)

1.091 (0.768,1.549)

 

1.091(0.780,1.525)

1.016 (0.878,1.174)

 

0.697 (0.327,1.489)

0.862 (0.612,1.215)

 

1.063 (0.528,2.138)

0.994 (0.732,1.351)

 

Hypertension Status

  

0.001

  

< 0.001

  

0.209

  

0.023

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Yes

1.832 (1.177,2.853)

1.321 (1.074,1.626)

 

1.754 (1.407,2.185)

1.246 (1.132,1.371)

 

1.376 (0.773,2.448)

1.144 (0.890,1.470)

 

1.914 (1.206,3.039)

1.278 (1.043,1.565)

 

Diabetes

  

0.021

  

0.002

  

0.005

  

0.001

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Yes

4.179 (2.555,6.833)

2.003 (1.586,2.530)

 

2.278 (1.705,3.045)

1.418 (1.247,1.613)

 

3.688 (1.897,7.169)

1.664 (1.231,2.249)

 

3.375 (1.952,5.838)

1.693 (1.316,2.177)

 

Cholesterol

1.003 (0.998,1.009)

1.002 (0.999,1.004)

0.112

1.003 (1.000,1.005)

1.001 (1.000,1.002)

0.042

1.010 (1.005,1.015)

1.004 (1.002,1.006)

0.041

0.997 (0.992,1.002)

0.999 (0.997,1.002)

0.705

Triglycerides

0.997 (0. 994,1.000)

0.999 (0.997,1.000)

0.152

1.000 (0.999,1.002)

1.000 (0.999,1.000)

0.060

0.998 (0.994,1.001)

0.999 (0.998,1.01)

0.808

1.000 (0.997,1.003)

0.999 (0.998,1.001)

0.421

LDL to HDL ratio

0.184 (0.020,1.708)

0.683 (0.481,0.971)

0.245

1.190 (0.161,8.778)

0.964 (0.782,1.188)

0.147

–

1.597 (0.728,3.508)

0.599

–

–

–

BMI

0.904 (0.498,1.638)

0.993 (0.748,1.319)

0.781

1.141 (0.889,1.465)

1.069 (0.959,1.191)

0.240

1.027 (0.531,1.988)

0.990 (0.745,1.316)

0.782

10,541 (0.921,2.580)

1.303 (1.042,1.628)

< 0.001

History of heart disease in the family

  

0.248

  

0.326

  

0.099

  

0.084

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Yes

1.066 (0.507,2.242)

0.946 (0.671,1.334)

 

1.100 (0.748,1.618)

1.022 (0.870,1.202)

 

1.044 (0.371,2.942)

0.999 (0.646,1.543)

 

0.965 (0.415,2.247)

1.021 (0.717,1.453)

 

Urban/Rural status

  

0.012

  

0.038

  

0.043

  

0.035

 Urban

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

Ref.

Ref.

 

 Rural

0.751 (0.513,0.957)

0.684 (0.512,0.915)

 

0.841 (0.658,0.954)

0.768 (0.686,0.858)

 

0.548 (0.311, 0.867)

0.680 (0.493,0.937)

 

0.858 (0.750,.970)

0.733 (0.570,0.944)

 
  1. aCrude model: adjusted no factors associated with CVD events
  2. bAdjusted model: adjusted for gender (coded as female/male), age (coded as < 60/> 60), SES (continues), smoking status (coded as none/ever), physical activity (continues), dietary behaviors (coded as poor/healthy), hypertension status (coded as no/yes), diabetes (coded as no/yes), cholesterol (continues), triglycerides (continues), LDL to HDL ratio (continues), BMI (continues), history of heart disease in the family (coded as no/yes), urban/rural status (coded as urban/rural), and cluster random effect
  3. cP-values are the interaction results between PM2.5 tertiles exposure and individual/clinical variables