Table 1 Comparison between reference doses (RfDs) set by European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), including their corresponding endpoint of concern in animal studies, and range of phthalate estimated intakes that were reported to be significantly associated with endpoints of concern in humans
From: Role of epidemiology in risk assessment: a case study of five ortho-phthalates
Phthalate | Derived from animal studies | Based on human studies | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RfD a | Endpoint and effect of concern | Lowest estimated intake a | Significant endpoint | Highest estimated intake a | Significant endpoint | |
DEHP | 35 | Testicular germ cell depletion and reduced testes weight | 0.03 | Decreased number of ovarian antral follicles in women [39] | 242.5 | Decreased semen quality and concentration in men [47] |
DBP | 6.7 | Reduced spermatocyte development at postnatal day 21, and mammary gland changes in adult male offspring | 0.19 | Decreased sperm motility and semen concentration in men [48] | 2.86 | Decrease thyroid hormone T4 and freeT4 in women [49] |
BBP | 500 | Reduced anogenital distance and several other endpoints from various studies | 0.06 | Increased steroid hormone binding globulin in children [50] | 0.58 | Increased body mass index and waist circumference in men and women [51] |
DIBP | 8.3 | Overall potency of DIBP similar to DBP; possible potency difference of 25% between DIBP and DBP | 0.08 | Decreased masculine play behavior in boys [52] | 0.51 | Increased occurrence of eczema in children [53] |