Table 2 Summary of 38 studies that met the criteria for data extraction and estimated intake associated with statistically significant endpoints, grouped by population sampled

Women

Number of ovarian antral follicles

Decreased

DEHP

0.03–0.25^b

1.63 μg/L-13.5 μg/L

[39]

Decreased

DIBP

0.13–0.19^c

10.21 μg/L

Decreased

DBP

0.24–0.42

12.79 μg/L

Glucose levels

Decreased

DIBP

0.20

10.7 μg/L

[38]

Thyroid hormone T4

Decreased

DBP

0.20

9.6 μg/g CRE

[55]

Free thyroid hormone T4

Decreased

DEHP

0.53–1.80

1.69 μg/L-13.4 μg/L

[56]

Thyroid hormone T4 and free T4

Decreased

DBP

2.86

9.6 μg/g CRE

[49]

Total number of oocytes, fertilized oocytes, mature oocytes, top quality embryos

Decreased

DEHP

0.23–1.39

0.02 uM-0.12 uM

[57]

Total number of fertilized oocytes, mature oocytes, top quality embryos

Decreased

DBP

0.24

12.7 uM

Trophoblast differentiation genes

Decreased

DiBP

0.27

14.2 μg/L

[58]

Decreased

DBP

0.71

38 μg/L

Decreased

DEHP

4.21

221.2 μg/L

Body mass index and waist circumference

Increased

DBP

0.30

12.26 μg/g

[59]

Body mass index

Increased

DEHP

0.56

1.49 μg/g CRE

Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)

Increased

DEHP

1.56

12.51 μg/L

[60]

Serum inhibin

Decreased

DEHP

2.04

5.44 μg/g CRE

[61]

Gestational age

Shorter

DEHP

2.46

18.36 μg/L

[62]

Longer

DEHP

2.56–4.20

1.1 μg/L-5.1 μg/L

[63]

C-section

Increased likelihood

DEHP

2.56–4.20

1.1 μg/L-5.1 μg/L

[63]

Mothers (3 T)

Serum steroid hormone binding globulin

Increased

BBP

0.06

3.16 μg/L

[50]

Increased

DBP

0.63

33.4 μg/L

Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

Decreased

DBP

0.63

33.4 μg/L

Social problems

Increased

BBP

0.07–0.23

3.2 μg/g

[64]

Delinquent and externalizing behavior

Increased

DEHP

2.36

0.17 µmol/g CRE (sum DEHP)

Internalizing and externalizing problems

Increased

DEHP

6.27

16.7 μg/g CRE

Motor development

Delayed

DIBP

0.17

9.3 μg/L

[65]

Psychomotor development index

Decreased

DIBP

0.17

9.3 μg/L

Clinically withdrawn behavior and internalizing behavior

Increased

BBP

0.36

19 μg/L

Psychomotor and mental development index

Decreased

DBP

0.71

38 μg/L

Clinically withdrawn behavior

Increased

DBP

0.71

38 μg/L

Full scale IQ, perceptual reasoning, processing speed, verbal comprehension and working memory

Decreased

DIBP

0.36

19 μg/L

[36]

Decreased

DBP

1.5

79.8 μg/L

Perceptual reasoning

Decreased

BBP

0.56

30 μg/L

Mental and psychomotor development indices

Decreased in boys

DBP

0.38

16.9 μg/g CRE

[66]

Psychomotor development index

Decreased in boys

DEHP

2.7

13.2 μg/g CRE

Body mass index z-score

Decreased in girls

DEHP

1.77

0.128µM

[67]

Mothers (2 T)

Masculine play behavior

Decrease

DIBP

0.08

4 μg/L

[52]

Decrease

DEHP

0.38–0.88

1.4–4.7 μg/L

Internalizing behavior

Increased

BBP

0.26

12.8 μg/L

[68]

Increased

DBP

0.68

33.1 μg/L

Emotional symptom score and relationship problems

Increased

DBP

0.68

33.1 μg/L

Eczema

Increased

DIBP

0.51

25 μg/L

[53]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Increased

DEHP

2.66

0.21 µM

[69]

Mothers (1 T)

Anogenital distance

Shorter

DEHP

0.66–0.80

2–6.1 μg/L

[70]

Children (4–9 yo)

Thyroid hormone T3 and free T3

Decreased in girls

BBP

0.10

3.3 μg/L

[71]

Decreased in girls

DBP

1.97

63 μg/L

Decreased in boys

DBP

2.34

75 μg/L

Children (12 yo)

Height standard deviation

Decreased in obese pubertal children

DEHP

0.18

0.6 μg/g CRE

[72]

Insulin sensitive index

Increased in obese pre-pubertal children

DEHP

0.19

0.27 μg/g CRE

Waist circumference

Decreased in obese pre-pubertal children

DEHP

0.19–0.35

0.27–1.24 μg/g CRE

Puberty

Delayed in obese pre-pubertal children

DEHP

0.19–0.35

0.27–1.24 μg/g CRE

Waist to hip ratio

Increased in obese pre-pubertal children

DEHP

0.23

0.76 μg/g CRE

Children (8–14 yo)

Estrogen, testosterone and free testosterone

Decreased

DIBP

0.18

7.02 μg/L

[50]

Free testosterone

Decreased

DEHP

1.52

3.48 μg/L

Serum steroid hormone binding globulin

Increased

DEHP

1.52–5.09

3.48–29 μg/L

Children (8 yo)

Puberty

Delayed in girls

BBP

0.19

6.2 μg/L

[73]

Delayed in girls

DBP

1.56

50 μg/L

Delayed in girls

DEHP

4.63

74 μg/L

Children (8–10 yo)

Obesity

Increased in boys

DBP

0.95

30.4 μg/L

[74]

Decreased in girls

DEHP

1.72–4.31

3.3–32 μg/L

Children (6–19 yo)

Albumin/creatinine ratio

Increased

DEHP

1.60

0.1 µM

[75]

Systolic blood pressure

Increased

DEHP

3.20

0.166 µM

[76]

Children (12–19 yo)

Thyroid hormone T3

Increased

DEHP

2.2–2.89

5.76–10.3 μg/g CRE

[77]

Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)

Increased

DEHP

2.76

0.17 µM

[78]

Men

Sperm motility and concentration

Decreased

DBP

0.19

10.6 μg/L

[48]

Decreased

DBP

0.38

[79]

Sperm motility

Decreased

BBP

0.25

13.4 μg/L

[79]

Semen quality

Decreased

DEHP

242.55

20.16 μg/L

[47]

Testosterone, free testosterone, free androgen index

Decreased

DEHP

0.40–2.13

1.3–15.9 μg/L

[80]

Serum steroid hormone binding globulin

Increased

DEHP

0.41

1.3 μg/L

Testosterone, estrogen, free androgen index

Decreased

DEHP

0.99

3.18 μg/L

[81]

Testosterone/estrogen ratio

Increased

DEHP

0.99

3.18 μg/L

Thyroid hormone T3 and free thyroid hormone T4

Decreased

DEHP

0.99

3.18 μg/L

[82]

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Decreased

DEHP

242.55

21 µM

[47]

Men and women

Body mass index and waist circumference

Increased

BBP

0.58

30.9 μg/L

[51]

Decreased

DEHP

13.75

44 μg/L

Body mass index

Increased

DBP

0.72

38.4 μg/L

Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)

Increased

DEHP

3.16

18.51 μg/L

Thyroid hormone T4

Decreased

DEHP

1.48–1.97

5.43–9.84 μg/g CRE

[77]

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Increased

DEHP

1.97

9.84 μg/g CRE