Table 1 Participant Characteristics and Distribution of Higher Urine 2,4-D Concentrations. Legend: Distribution of high (> 0.4 μg/L urine) 2,4-D urinary concentrations and associations with key variables in unadjusted models. * = reference level
Variable | Frequency (%) | Population Estimate | High Urine 2,4-D in Sample | Estimated Population with High Exposure | % with High 2,4-D (95% CI) | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 14,395 | 244,607,215 | 4681 | 82,642,980 | 33.8 (32.1, 35.5) | |
Survey Cycle | ||||||
2001–2002 | 2685 (15.1) | 37,004,806 | 457 | 6,332,340 | 17.1 (13.9, 20.3) | ref |
2003–2004 | 2347 (16.4) | 40,112,380 | 855 | 14,269,430 | 35.6 (30.4, 40.8) | 2.67 (1.99, 3.70) |
2007–2008 | 2311 (16.4) | 40,153,846 | 898 | 15,427,421 | 38.4 (35.3, 41.5) | 3.02 (2.32, 3.94) |
2009–2010 | 2450 (16.9) | 41,228,734 | 823 | 14,582,297 | 35.4 (30.8, 40.0) | 2.65 (1.95, 3.61) |
2011–2012 | 2146 (17.3) | 42,213,815 | 791 | 16,716,965 | 39.6 (36.8, 42.4) | 3.17 (2.45, 4.11) |
2013–2014 | 2456 (17.9) | 43,893,633 | 857 | 15,314,527 | 34.9 (30.0, 39.8) | 2.60 (1.89, 3.56) |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 7099 (49.0) | 119,753,832 | 2614 | 46,199,838 | 38.6 (36.5, 40.7) | 1.521 (1.39, 1.67) |
Female | 7296 (51.0) | 124,853,382 | 2067 | 36,443,142 | 29.2 (27.3, 31.1) | ref |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 5922 (67.1) | 164,017,859 | 2068 | 58,251,760 | 35.5 (33.3, 37.7) | ref |
Non-Hispanic Black | 3313 (11.7) | 28,583,574 | 1046 | 601,943 | 31.3 (28.8, 33.8) | 0.83 (0.72, 0.95) |
Mexican American | 2850 (9.0) | 21,996,531 | 887 | 7,054,921 | 32.1 (29.0, 35.2) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) |
Other | 2310 (12.3) | 30,009,251 | 680 | 8,389,887 | 28.0 (25.1, 30.9) | 0.70 (0.60, 0.83) |
Age (years) | ||||||
6–11 | 2288 (9.2) | 22,586,413 | 874 | 9,571,185 | 42.4 (38.8, 46.0) | 1.60 (1.40, 1.83) |
12–19 | 2846 (12.1) | 29,636,700 | 914 | 10,290,245 | 34.7 (31.5, 37.9) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) |
20–59 | 6243 (60.0) | 146,678,123 | 1875 | 46,214,496 | 31.5 (29.7, 33.3) | ref |
60+ | 3018 (18.7) | 45,705,978 | 1018 | 16,567,054 | 36.2 (33.7, 38.7) | 1.24 (1.11, 1.37) |
Education | ||||||
Grade 8 or Less | 4569 (18.9) | 46,298,948 | 1585 | 17,680,657 | 38.2 (35.5, 40.9) | 1.34 (1.16, 1.55) |
Grade 9–12 | 2615 (14.4) | 35,342,844 | 799 | 10,865,543 | 30.7 (28.4, 33.0) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.11) |
High School Graduate | 2272 (18.3) | 44,797,645 | 676 | 14,125,909 | 31.5 (28.5, 34.5) | ref |
Any College | 4939 (48.3) | 118,167,779 | 1621 | 39,970,871 | 33.8 (31.8, 35.8) | 1.11 (0.97, 1.27) |
Poverty Income Ratio | ||||||
Up to 100% | 3638 (16.6) | 40,513,665 | 1082 | 12,330,209 | 30.4 (28.3, 32.5) | 0.79 (0.71, 0.89) |
100–200% | 3898 (21.5) | 52,546,663 | 1228 | 16,365,202 | 31.1 (28.8, 33.4) | 0.82 (0.73, 0.91) |
Over 200% | 6859 (62.0) | 151,546,887 | 2371 | 53,947,570 | 35.6 (33.6, 37.6) | ref |
Agricultural Worker | ||||||
No | 14,256 (98.9) | 242,014,960 | 4620 | 81,271,238 | 33.6 (31.9, 35.3) | ref |
Yes | 139 (1.1) | 2,592,255 | 61 | 1,371,742 | 52.9 (46.3, 59.5) | 2.23 (1.33, 3.73) |
Smoking Status | ||||||
No | 11,444 (76.3) | 186,588,955 | 3869 | 66,274,113 | 35.5 (33.7, 37.3) | ref |
Yes | 2951 (23.7) | 58,018,260 | 812 | 16,368,867 | 28.2 (25.6, 30.8) | 0.71 (0.63, 0.81) |
Season | ||||||
May 1–October 31 | 7469 (59.0) | 100,371,111 | 2446 | 50,441,699 | 35.0 (32.5, 37.5) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.33) |
November 1–April 30 | 6926 (41.0) | 144,236,103 | 2235 | 32,201,281 | 32.1 (30.9, 33.3) | ref |
Water Source | ||||||
Water Company | 8646 (84.6) | 132,271,816 | 2669 | 42,110,899 | 31.8 (29.6, 34.0) | 1.04 (0.87, 1.24) |
Well | 1020 (15.4) | 24,127,699 | 315 | 7,487,755 | 31.0 (27.3, 34.7) | ref |