Table 2 Adjusted and Unadjusted Associations Between Agricultural Application of 2,4-D and NHANES Urine 2,4-D Concentrations. Legend: Unadjusted and adjusted odds of high 2,4-D urinary concentrations by agricultural use of 2,4-D, age, gender, and other key variables for NHANES participants 2001–2014

Agricultural

2,4-D Applied^a

1.85 (1.44, 2.38)

3.41 (2.18, 5.34)

1.77 (1.20, 2.60)

2.54 (1.18, 2.01)

2.47 (1.82, 3.36)

2.29 (1.54, 3.40)

1.24 (0.85, 1.80)

Agricultural

2,4-D Applied

2.27 (1.71, 3.01)

4.24 (2.52, 7.13)

2.38 (1.54, 3.68)

1.99 (1.45, 2.73)

2.70 (1.87, 3.91)

2.87 (1.82, 4.53)

1.55 (1.02, 2.36)

Age

1.00 (1.00, 1.01)

0.87 (0.81, 0.94)

0.93 (0.88, 0.99)

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

1.02 (1.01, 1.04)

1.01 (0.99–1.04)

1.01 (1.00–1.03)

Gender^b

0.87 (0.79, 0.97)

0.94 (0.74, 1.18)

0.78 (0.62, 0.99)

0.94 (0.81, 1.10)

0.88 (0.68, 1.14)

–

–

 Non-Hispanic White

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

ref

 Mexican American

0.83 (0.68, 1.02)

0.68 (0.49, 0.96)

0.87 (0.63, 1.18)

0.90 (0.69, 1.18)

0.75 (0.53, 1.07)

1.00 (0.66–1.51)

0.76 (0.54–1.07)

 Non-Hispanic Black

0.57 (0.48, 0.66)

0.47 (0.34, 0.64)

0.68 (0.49, 0.94)

0.52 (0.42, 0.65)

0.58 (0.45, 0.75)

0.53 (0.38–0.75)

0.45 (0.33–0.62)

 Other

0.69 (0.57, 0.82)

0.50 (0.35, 0.72)

0.77 (0.56, 1.08)

0.73 (0.56, 0.94)

0.71 (0.49, 1.04)

0.63 (0.43–0.93)

0.69 (0.49–0.98)

Poverty Income Ratio

1.06 (1.02, 1.10)

1.12 (1.04, 1.23)

1.06 (0.97, 1.16)

1.06 (1.00, 1.11)

1.09 (1.01, 1.17)

1.08 (0.98–1.18)

1.01 (0.94–1.08)

Urine Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.01 (1.01, 1.01)

1.02 (1.01, 1.02)

1.01 (1.01, 1.01)

1.01 (1.01, 1.01)

1.01 (1.01, 1.01)

1.01 (1.01–1.01)

1.01 (1.01–1.01)

Agricultural Worker

2.11 (1.33, 3.36)

⎼

1.81 (0.64, 5.13)

2.64 (1.41, 4.94)

2.34 (0.59, 9.25)

2.26 (0.54–9.42)

2.85 (1.42–5.69)