Table 3 Crude and adjusted risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between PCE exposure level and quality of sleep, CCHS^a 2017–2020

Sleep apnea/other sleep disorder

Yes

No

 Unexposed

20

228

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

16

162

1.13 (0.61, 2.10)

1.50 (0.78, 2.89)

 High exposure

14

164

0.97 (0.51, 1.82)

0.94 (0.50, 1.79)

Breathing pauses

Yes

No

 Unexposed

19

229

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

21

157

1.54 (0.86, 2.77)

1.81 (0.97, 3.38)

 High exposure

16

162

1.17 (0.62, 2.22)

1.33 (0.70, 2.52)

Snoring

Yes

No

 Unexposed

51

127

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

49

129

1.09 (0.79, 1.51)

1.14 (0.82, 1.59)

 High exposure

63

185

1.12 (0.81, 1.53)

1.17 (0.86, 1.61)

Short sleep duration

< 7 h

≥7 h

 Unexposed

59

189

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

51

127

1.21 (0.89, 1.67)

1.29 (0.94, 1.78)

 High exposure

46

132

1.07 (0.77, 1.50)

1.00 (0.70, 1.42)

Difficulty falling asleep

Sometimes/Often

Rarely/Never

 Unexposed

131

117

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

87

91

0.93 (0.76, 1.12)

0.91 (0.75, 1.12)

 High exposure

88

90

0.94 (0.77, 1.14)

0.94 (0.77, 1.15)

Feeling poorly rested

Sometimes/Often

Rarely/Never

 Unexposed

89

159

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

48

130

0.75 (0.56, 1.01)

0.79 (0.58, 1.07)

 High exposure

55

123

0.86 (0.66, 1.14)

0.83 (0.62, 1.10)

Trouble staying awake

Sometimes/Often

Rarely/Never

 Unexposed

178

70

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

123

55

0.97 (0.85, 1.10)

0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

 High exposure

132

46

1.03 (0.92, 1.16)

1.05 (0.93, 1.18)

Number of poor sleep quality indicators

3 or more

Less than 3

 Unexposed

112

136

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 Low exposure

70

108

0.86 (0.68, 1.09)

0.90 (0.71, 1.14)

 High exposure

79

99

0.98 (0.79, 1.22)

0.97 (0.77, 1.22)