Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline by diabetes status
|  | No incident diabetes (N = 4688) | Incident diabetes (N = 886) | Overall (N = 5574) |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
 Female | 2530 (54.0%) | 445 (50.2%) | 2975 (53.4%) |
 Male | 2158 (46.0%) | 441 (49.8%) | 2599 (46.6%) |
Age | |||
 45-54 | 1382 (29.5%) | 314 (35.4%) | 1696 (30.4%) |
 55-64 | 1265 (27.0%) | 273 (30.8%) | 1538 (27.6%) |
 65-74 | 1357 (28.9%) | 228 (25.7%) | 1585 (28.4%) |
 75-84 | 679 (14.5%) | 70 (7.9%) | 749 (13.4%) |
 Missing | 5 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 6 (0.1%) |
Race/Ethnicity | |||
 Hispanic | 905 (19.3%) | 242 (27.3%) | 1147 (20.6%) |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 1182 (25.2%) | 256 (28.9%) | 1438 (25.8%) |
 Non-Hispanic Chinese | 530 (11.3%) | 114 (12.9%) | 644 (11.6%) |
 Non-Hispanic White | 2071 (44.2%) | 274 (30.9%) | 2345 (42.1%) |
Education | |||
 HS/GED or less | 1535 (32.7%) | 325 (36.7%) | 1860 (33.4%) |
 Some college | 1318 (28.1%) | 277 (31.3%) | 1595 (28.6%) |
 Bachelors or higher | 1817 (38.8%) | 283 (31.9%) | 2100 (37.7%) |
 Missing | 18 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 19 (0.3%) |
Income Category | |||
  < $12,000 | 1192 (25.4%) | 257 (29.0%) | 1449 (26.0%) |
 $12,000-$24,999 | 1301 (27.8%) | 263 (29.7%) | 1564 (28.1%) |
 $25,000-$39,999 | 926 (19.8%) | 181 (20.4%) | 1107 (19.9%) |
 $40,000-$74,999 | 927 (19.8%) | 131 (14.8%) | 1058 (19.0%) |
 $75,000+ | 143 (3.1%) | 15 (1.7%) | 158 (2.8%) |
 Missing | 199 (4.2%) | 39 (4.4%) | 238 (4.3%) |
Employment | |||
 Employed | 2333 (49.8%) | 478 (54.0%) | 2811 (50.4%) |
 Unemployed/retired | 2337 (49.9%) | 406 (45.8%) | 2743 (49.2%) |
 Missing | 18 (0.4%) | 2 (0.2%) | 20 (0.4%) |
Site | |||
 Forsyth County, NC | 772 (16.5%) | 137 (15.5%) | 909 (16.3%) |
 New York City, NY | 724 (15.4%) | 174 (19.6%) | 898 (16.1%) |
 Baltimore, MD | 725 (15.5%) | 130 (14.7%) | 855 (15.3%) |
 St. Paul, MN | 746 (15.9%) | 136 (15.3%) | 882 (15.8%) |
 Chicago, IL | 881 (18.8%) | 127 (14.3%) | 1008 (18.1%) |
 Los Angeles, CA | 840 (17.9%) | 182 (20.5%) | 1022 (18.3%) |
Family history of diabetes | |||
 Family history | 1384 (29.5%) | 388 (43.8%) | 1772 (31.8%) |
 No family history | 3119 (66.5%) | 479 (54.1%) | 3598 (64.5%) |
 Missing | 185 (3.9%) | 19 (2.1%) | 204 (3.7%) |
Chronically stressed | |||
 Chronically stressed | 2815 (60.0%) | 529 (59.7%) | 3344 (60.0%) |
 Not chronically stressed | 1822 (38.9%) | 354 (40.0%) | 2176 (39.0%) |
 Missing | 51 (1.1%) | 3 (0.3%) | 54 (1.0%) |
BMI | |||
 Mean (SD) | 27.5 (5.0) | 30.8 (5.7) | 28.0 (5.3) |
Physical activity level | |||
 High | 977 (20.8%) | 168 (19.0%) | 1145 (20.5% |
 Medium | 2853 (60.9%) | 546 (61.6%) | 3399 (61.0%) |
 Low | 843 (18.0%) | 172 (19.4%) | 1015 (18.2%) |
 Missing | 15 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (0.3%) |
Alcohol consumption | |||
 Heavy | 726 (15.5%) | 122 (13.8%) | 848 (15.2%) |
 Moderate | 2021 (43.1%) | 377 (42.6%) | 2398 (43.0%) |
 Never/not current | 1909 (40.7%) | 384 (43.3%) | 2293 (41.1%) |
 Missing | 32 (0.7%) | 3 (0.3%) | 35 (0.6%) |
Smoking | |||
 Current | 686 (14.6%) | 142 (16.0%) | 828 (14.9%) |
 Former | 1774 (37.8%) | 325 (36.7%) | 2099 (37.7%) |
 Never | 2210 (47.1%) | 418 (47.2%) | 2628 (47.1%) |
 Missing | 18 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 19 (0.3%) |
Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI) tertile | |||
 High SES (low NDI) | 1543 (32.9%) | 253 (28.6%) | 1796 (32.2%) |
 Mid SES (mid NDI) | 1497 (31.9%) | 298 (33.6%) | 1795 (32.2%) |
 Low SES (high NDI) | 1470 (31.4%) | 323 (36.5%) | 1793 (32.2%) |
 Missing | 178 (3.8%) | 12 (1.4%) | 190 (3.4%) |
Neighborhood Social Cohesion | |||
 High | 1503 (32.1%) | 283 (31.9%) | 1786 (32.0%) |
 Mid | 1510 (32.2%) | 280 (31.6%) | 1790 (32.1%) |
 Low | 1486 (31.7%) | 305 (34.4%) | 1791 (32.1%) |
 Missing | 189 (4.0%) | 18 (2.0%) | 207 (3.7%) |
Neighborhood Walkability | |||
 High | 1532 (32.7%) | 240 (27.1%) | 1772 (31.8%) |
 Mid | 1478 (31.5%) | 298 (33.6%) | 1776 (31.9%) |
 Low | 1446 (30.8%) | 330 (37.2%) | 1776 (31.9%) |
 Missing | 232 (4.9%) | 18 (2.0%) | 250 (4.5%) |
Neighborhood Safety | |||
 High | 1505 (32.1%) | 267 (30.1%) | 1772 (31.8%) |
 Mid | 1490 (31.8%) | 286 (32.3%) | 1776 (31.9%) |
 Low | 1461 (31.2%) | 315 (35.6%) | 1776 (31.9%) |
 Missing | 232 (4.9%) | 18 (2.0%) | 250 (4.5%) |
NDVI (Mean (SD)) | |||
 Annual median 1000 m | 127 (33.3) | 129 (33.5) | 127.5 (33.3) |