Table 1 Description of the spatial variables
Variable | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|
Study domain | Milan: 73,415 50 × 50 km2 grid cells | - |
Rome: 21,332 250 × 250 km2 grid cells | - | |
Population | Milan: Resident population in 2019 by census block | Municipality of Milan |
Rome: Resident population from census October 2011 | ISTAT | |
Land cover | Land cover characteristics | EEA/Lombardy Region |
Roads | Road lengths (meters within the cell) and traffic density by road type: highway, major, secondary, and local. Distance between centroid and the major closest road | TeleAtlas TomTom network/Amat |
Traffic signals | Spatial distribution of traffic lights | OSM |
Imperviousness surface areas | An indicator of the spatial distribution of artificial areas | EEA—CLMS |
Elevation | European Digital Elevation Model EU-DEM | EEA—CLMS |
Light at night | Satellite-based night-time imagery | VIIRS—DNB |
Sky view factor | Elaboration from Regional Digital Elevation Model | Lombardy Region |