Table 1 Co-creation activities conducted in the Barcelona pilot along with their aim and tools used

Co-designing the research question

To identify topics citizens are concerned about and would like to investigate in the context of air pollution and health.

Online survey

–

To raise awareness about the project across all Barcelona districts and collect further qualitative insights on topics citizens are concerned about and would like to investigate in the context of air pollution and health.

Pop-up intervention

In-depth discussion canvas

To formulate the concerns into potential research questions.

Community meeting

Identification Issues canvas

To select the research question to investigate.

Online survey

–

Co-designing the study protocol

To gauge citizens’ preferences in certain aspects of the study design and to be included in the study protocol.

Workshop

Experiment Design canvas