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Fig. 1 | Environmental Health

Fig. 1

From: Adverse Effects of fine particulate matter on human kidney functioning: a systematic review

Fig. 1

Overview of the data selection process. Records either identified through database searches of PubMed and Scopus (n = 737) from January 1st, 2000 until December 20th, 2021, and records identified through bibliographies of reviews (n = 2). After checking for and removal of duplicates, records were screened for eligibility according to the a priori defined criteria, that resulted in n = 70 eligible records. Next, full-text articles were screened for a second time against the eligibility criteria. The final selection (n = 40) consisted of human studies focusing on ambient PM exposure and addressing: (i) clinical measurements of eGFR (n = 8), (ii) general kidney function through changes in biomarkers (n = 2), and (iii) glomerular diseases (n = 4). The remaining articles focused on persons with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus where kidney function declined (n = 2), CKD (n = 14), ESRD (n = 2), renal failure (n = 4), and kidney transplant outcome (n = 4). Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PM2.5, fine particulate matter (< 2.5 microns)

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