Table 1 GEMS participant characteristics by greenspace exposure group presented as n and percent or mean and standard deviation

n (%)

1017 (33)

1014 (33)

1016 (33)

3047

Age in years (mean (SD))

78.7 (3.35)

78.8 (3.34)

78.4 (3.13)

78.6 (3.28)

0.01

Dementia

205 (20.2)

169 (16.7)

144 (14.2)

518 (17.0)

< 0.01

Race (% self-identified White)

964 (94.8)

972 (95.9)

972 (95.7)

2908 (95.4)

0.47

Sex (% male)

552 (54.3)

534 (52.7)

550 (54.1)

1636 (53.7)

0.72

Recruitment site

< 0.01

Winston-Salem, NC

301 (29.6)

282 (27.8)

149 (14.7)

732 (24.0)

Sacramento, CA

527 (51.8)

295 (29.1)

81 (8.0)

903 (29.6)

Hagerstown, MD

75 (7.4)

224 (22.1)

148 (14.6)

447 (14.7)

Pittsburg, PA

114 (11.2)

213 (21.0)

638 (62.8)

965 (31.7)

Treatment group (% Ginkgo)

519 (51.0)

513 (50.6)

498 (49.1)

1530 (50.2)

0.66

Education

0.32

No high school diploma

367 (36.1)

348 (34.3)

379 (37.3)

1094 (35.9)

High school diploma

269 (26.5)

265 (26.1)

236 (23.2)

770 (25.3)

Some college

146 (14.4)

159 (15.7)

175 (17.2)

480 (15.8)

College graduate

235 (23.1)

242 (23.9)

226 (22.2)

703 (23.1)

BMI in kg/m² (mean(SD))

27.2 (4.24)

27.1 (4.24)

27.1 (4.40)

27.1 (4.29)

0.98

Alcohol Consumption (mean(SD))^b

3.71 (6.56)

3.49 (6.60)

3.31 (6.28)

3.50 (6.48)

0.38

Smoking pack years (%)

0.34

0

390 (41.5)

418 (44.8)

424 (44.8)

1232 (43.7)

> 0 - ≤24

289 (30.7)

265 (28.4)

254 (26.8)

808 (28.7)

> 24

261 (27.8)

250 (26.8)

268 (28.3)

779 (27.6)

APOE ɛ4 (% allele present)

186 (23.8)

198 (24.4)

189 (22.5)

573 (23.6)

0.64

ADL mobility (% independent)

700 (68.9)

689 (67.9)

702 (69.1)

2091 (68.6)

0.39

MCI at baseline

178 (17.5)

161 (15.9)

137 (13.5)

476 (15.6)

0.043

NSES (mean(SD))

0.70 (3.15)

−0.19 (3.14)

− 0.61 (3.10)

− 0.03 (3.18)

< 0.01

Rural^c

73 (7.2)

50 (4.9)

41 (4.0)

164 (5.4)

< 0.01