Table 2 Association between total PM_2.5, PM₁₀ as well as NO_x exposure and biomarkers

Increment of exposure

5 μg/m³

5 μg/m³

20 μg/m³

β-Coefficient (95% CI)

P value*

β-Coefficient (95% CI)

P value*

β-Coefficient (95% CI)

P value*

Leukocytes

M0

−0.021 (− 0.064–0.022)

0.34

0.017 (− 0.0023–0.036)

0.084

0.015 (0.0057–0.024)

0.002

M1

−0.02 (− 0.062–0.021)

0.33

0.0004 (− 0.018–0.019)

0.97

0.0024 (− 0.0067–0.011)

0.61

M2

− 0.095 (− 0.38–0.19)

0.52

−0.0062 (− 0.026–0.014)

0.55

−0.0022 (− 0.012–0.0078)

0.67

NLR

M0

0.076 (0.013–0.14)

0.019

0.03 (0.0018–0.059)

0.037

0.0098 (− 0.004–0.024)

0.17

M1

0.066 (0–0.131)

0.05

0.023 (− 0.0062–0.053)

0.12

0.0062 (− 0.0081–0.021)

0.4

M2

0.074 (0.0054–0.14)

0.034

0.03 (− 0.0031–0.062)

0.076

0.0074 (− 0.0089–0.024)

0.37

CRP

M0

−0.0438 (− 0.2361–0.1485)

0.655

0.047 (− 0.04–0.13)

0.29

0.035 (− 0.0065–0.077)

0.097

M1

0.0621 (− 0.1216–0.2459)

0.507

0.038 (− 0.045–0.12)

0.37

0.015 (− 0.025–0.055)

0.46

M2

0.0393 (− 0.1502–0.2288)

0.684

0.0034 (− 0.087–0.094)

0.94

−0.0075 (− 0.053–0.038)

0.74

SuPAR

M0

− 0.023 (− 0.0755–0.0294)’

0.389

0.022 (− 0.0012–0.045)

0.063

0.018 (0.0069–0.029)

0.002

M1

−0.0173 (− 0.067–0.0323)

0.494

0.0053 (− 0.017–0.027)

0.64

0.0062 (− 0.0045–0.017)

0.26

M2

−0.0199 (− 0.0704–0.0306)

0.441

−0.0024 (− 0.026–0.022)

0.84

0.0019 (− 0.01–0.014)

0.76

LP-PLA2

M0

0.0896 (0.0365–0.1427)

0.001

0.019 (− 0.0046–0.043)

0.11

0.00086 (− 0.011–0.012)

0.88

M1

0.0846 (0.0311–0.1382)

0.002

0.011 (− 0.014–0.035)

0.39

−0.0045 (− 0.016–0.0071)

0.45

M2

0.085 (0.0303–0.1397)

0.002

0.017 (− 0.009–0.043)

0.2

−0.00027 (− 0.013–0.013)

0.97

Ceruloplasmin

M0

0.1319 (0.0909–0.1729)

< 0.001

0.043 (0.025–0.061)

< 0.001

0.0082 (− 0.00056–0.017)

0.067

M1

0.1369 (0.0954–0.1784)

< 0.001

0.043 (0.024–0.061)

< 0.001

0.0072 (− 0.0017–0.016)

0.11

M2

0.1328 (0.0898–0.1757)

< 0.001

0.039 (0.019–0.059)

< 0.001

0.0025 (− 0.0075–0.012)

0.62

Orosomucoid

M0

0.186 (0.1312–0.2408)

< 0.001

0.056 (0.032–0.08)

< 0.001

0.0082 (− 0.0035–0.02)

0.17

M1

0.2045 (0.1508–0.2582)

< 0.001

0.053 (0.029–0.077)

< 0.001

0.004 (− 0.0074–0.015)

0.49

M2

0.205 (0.1505–0.2595)

< 0.001

0.052 (0.026–0.078)

< 0.001

− 0.00097 (− 0.014–0.012)

0.88

Haptoglobin

M0

0.1046 (0.0154–0.1937)

0.022

0.053 (0.014–0.092)

0.008

0.024 (0.0052–0.043)

0.013

M1

0.1098 (0.0222–0.1974)

0.014

0.038 (− 0.0004–0.077)

0.058

0.013 (− 0.0059–0.032)

0.18

M2

0.0981 (0.0075–0.1886)

0.034

0.026 (− 0.016–0.069)

0.23

0.0043 (− 0.017–0.025)

0.69

C3

M0

0.1427 (0.1017–0.1837)

< 0.001

0.043 (0.025–0.061)

< 0.001

0.0064 (− 0.0023–0.015)

0.15

M1

0.1686 (0.1302–0.2071)

< 0.001

0.047 (0.03–0.064)

< 0.001

0.0066 (− 0.0015–0.015)

0.11

M2

0.1618 (0.1228–0.2007)

< 0.001

0.042 (0.024–0.06)

< 0.001

0.00048 (− 0.0085–0.0095)

0.92

alpha-1-antitrypsin

M0

0.1196 (0.0734–0.1658)

< 0.001

0.043 (0.023–0.064)

< 0.001

0.01 (0.00033–0.02)

0.043

M1

0.1143 (0.0677–0.161)

< 0.001

0.037 (0.017–0.058)

< 0.001

0.007 (− 0.0029–0.017)

0.17

M2

0.105 (0.0564–0.1537)

< 0.001

0.029 (0.006–0.052)

0.013

0.00042 (− 0.011–0.012)

0.94