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Table 2 Prenatal PM2.5 exposures by trimester and whole pregnancy among the ECLS-B study population

From: Both parents matter: a national-scale analysis of parental race/ethnicity, disparities in prenatal PM2.5 exposures and related impacts on birth outcomes

 

PM2.5 (µg/m3) average daily over

1st trimester

(95%CI)

p-value

PM2.5 (µg/m3) average daily over 2nd trimester (95%CI)

p-value

PM2.5 (µg/m3) average daily over 3rd trimester (95%CI)

p-value

PM2.5 (µg/m3) average daily over whole pregnancy (95%CI)

p-value

Total

15.6 (15.2—16.0)

 

14.8 (14.4—15.2)

 

14.4 (14.0—14.9)

 

14.9 (14.5—15.3)

 

Child Sex (%)

 

0.559

 

0.894

 

0.204

 

0.292

  Male

15.5 (15.0, 16.1)

 

14.8 (14.3, 15.3)

 

14.3 (13.9, 14.8)

 

14.86 (14.4, 15.3)

 

  Female

15.7 (15.3, 16.1)

 

14.8 (14.3, 15.2)

 

14.6 (14.1, 15.0)

 

15.0 (14.6, 15.4)

 

Parity (%)

 

0.499

 

0.047

 

0.870

 

0.306

  First child

15.7 (15.2, 16.2)

 

15.0 (14.6, 15.4)

 

14.5 (14.1, 14.9)

 

15.0 (14.6, 15.4)

 

  Not first child

15.5 (15.1, 16.0)

 

14.6 (14.2, 15.1)

 

14.4 (13.9, 14.9)

 

14.9 (14.4, 15.3)

 

Adequacy of prenatal care (Kessner Index) (%)

 

0.928

 

0.651

 

0.991

 

0.975

  Adequate

15.6 (15.2, 16.0)

 

14.8 (14.4, 15.3)

 

14.4 (14.0, 14.9)

 

14.9 (14.5, 15.3)

 

  Intermediate

15.5 (14.8, 16.2)

 

14.7 (14.1, 15.3)

 

14.4 (13.9, 15.0)

 

15.0 (14.5, 15.4)

 

  Inadequate

15.6 (14.3, 16.9)

 

14.4 (13.4, 15.5)

 

14.5 (13.4, 15.5)

 

14.9 (14.0, 15.8)

 

Maternal education (%)

 

0.196

 

0.586

 

0.010

 

0.005

  < 12 years

15.8 (15.2—16.3)

 

15.0 (14.4—15.7)

 

15.0 (14.4- 15.6)

 

15.3 (14.9—15.9)

 

  12 years

15.5 (15.0—16.0)

 

14.8 (14.3—15.2)

 

14.4 (13.9—14.9)

 

14.9 (14.4—15.3)

 

  13—15 years

15.6 (15.0—16.2)

 

14.7 (14.1—15.3)

 

14.4 (13.8—14.9)

 

14.9 (14.4—15.4)

 

  > 15 years

15.6 (14.9—16.2)

 

14.7 (14.1—15.3)

 

14.1 (13.6—14.6)

 

14.7 (14.3—15.2)

 

  unknown

16.2 (14.0—18.4)

 

14.9 (13.3—16.6)

 

14.5 (13.2—15.8)

 

14.9 (14.0—15.8)

 

Maternal race/ethnicity

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

0.000

  White, non-Hispanic

15.3 (14.8, 15.7)

 

14.6 (14.2, 15.0)

 

14.1 (13.7, 14.6)

 

14.7 (14.3, 15.1)

 

  Black, non-Hispanic

15.6 (15.0, 16.1)

 

15.3 (14.7, 15.9)

 

15.1 (14.4, 15.7)

 

15.4 (14.8, 15.9)

 

  Hispanic, any race

16.5 (15.4, 17.6)

 

15.0 (14.2, 15.8)

 

14.9 (14.1, 15.7)

 

15.4 (14.6, 16.2)

 

  AAPIa

16.6 (15.9, 17.3)

 

15.2 (14.7, 15.7)

 

15.1 (14.6, 15.5)

 

15.6 (15.2, 16.0)

 

  American Indian/Alaskan Native

13.9 (12.8, 15.0)

 

12.7 (12.0, 13.3)

 

12.1 (11.5, 12.7)

 

12.7 (12.2, 13.3)

 

Paternal race/ethnicity

 

0.030

 

0.024

 

0.000

 

0.000

  White, non-Hispanic

15.2 (14.8, 15.7)

 

14.6 (14.2, 15.1)

 

14.2 (13.7, 14.6)

 

14.7 (14.3, 15.1)

 

  Black, non-Hispanic

15.5 (14.9, 16.2)

 

15.0 (14.4, 15.7)

 

15.1 (14.4, 15.8)

 

15.4 (14.7, 16.0)

 

  Hispanic, any race

16.6 (15.6, 17.6)

 

15.0 (14.2, 15.9)

 

14.9 (14.1, 15.7)

 

15.4 (14.6, 16.2)

 

  AAPIa

16.4 (15.6, 17.1)

 

15.3 (14.8, 15.9)

 

15.1 (14.6, 15.5)

 

1.7 (15.2, 16.1)

 

  American Indian/Alaskan Native

14.3 (13.3,15.3)

 

13.8 (13.2, 14.5)

 

12.9 (12.4, 13.3)

 

13.4 (13.0, 13.8)

 

  Not stated

15.4 (14.9, 16.0)

 

14.9 (14.3, 15.4)

 

14.4 (13.9, 14.9)

 

14.8 (14.4, 15.3)

 

Maternal marital status

 

0.642

 

0.080

 

0.073

 

0.111

  Married

15.6 (15.0, 16.1)

 

14.7 (14.2, 15.1)

 

14.3 (13.9, 14.8)

 

14.8 (14.4, 15.3)

 

  Not Married

15.7 (15.2, 16.2)

 

15.0 (14.6, 15.5)

 

14.6 (14.2, 15.1)

 

15.1 (14.7, 15.6)

 

Mother's age

 

0.421

 

0.984

 

0.105

 

0.473

  < 20 yrs (%)

15.2 (14.4, 15.9)

 

14.8 (14.2, 15.3)

 

14 = 5.0 (14.4, 15.5)

 

15.1 (14.6, 15.6)

 

  20—24

15.6 (15.1, 16.1)

 

14.8 (14.3,15.3)

 

14.2 (13.8, 14.7)

 

14.8 (14.3, 15.2)

 

  25—29

15.5 (14.9, 16.1)

 

14.8 (14.4, 15.3)

 

14.5 (13.9, 15.0)

 

14.9 (14.48, 15.41)

 

  30—34

16.00 (15.4, 16.6)

 

14.8 (14.3, 15.3)

 

14.4 (13.9, 14.9)

 

15.0 (14.5, 15.4

 

  35—39

15.4 (14.6, 16.3)

 

14.6 (13.9, 15.4)

 

14.4 (13.7, 15.0)

 

14.9 (14.3, 15.6)

 

  > 39

15.9 (14.5, 17.4)

 

14.6 (13.8, 15.4)

 

14.6 (13.2, 16.0)

 

15.2 (13.9, 16.5)

 

Paternal age

 

0.227

 

0.010

 

0.951

 

0.795

  < 45 yrs (%)

15.7 (15.2, 16.1)

 

14.80 (14.4, 15.2)

 

14.4 (14.0, 14.9)

 

14.9 (14.5, 15.4)

 

  ≥ 45

14.7 (13.6, 15.8)

 

13.6 (12.6, 14.5)

 

14.3 (13.2, 15.4)

 

14.7 (13.8, 15.6)

 

  Not stated

15.4 (14.8, 15.9)

 

15.0 (14.4, 15.6)

 

14.4 (13.9, 15.0)

 

14.9 (14.4, 15.3)

 

Urbanicity (%)

 

0.0001

 

0.018

 

0.126

 

0.016

  Rural

14.5 (13.9, 15.2)

 

14.2 (13.6, 14.7)

 

14.0 (13.4, 14.6)

 

14.3 (13.8, 14.9)

 

  Urban

15.8 (15.3, 16.3)

 

14.9 (14.4, 15.3)

 

14.5 (14.0, 15.0)

 

15.0 (14.6, 15.5)

 

Region (%)

 

0.000

 

0.000

 

0.011

 

0.000

  Northeast

15.6 (15.0, 16.2)

 

15.0 (14.6, 15.3)

 

14.4 (14.0, 14.8)

 

15.0 (14.7, 15.4)

 

  Midwest

17.0 (16.6, 17.6)

 

16.2 (15.7, 16.7)

 

15.4 (14.9, 16.0)

 

16.4 (15.9, 16.8)

 

  South

14.1 (13.3, 14.9)

 

14.3 (13.3, 15.2)

 

14.0 (13.0, 14.9)

 

14.1 (13.2, 14.9)

 

  West

16.6 (15.4, 17.8)

 

14.1 (13.3, 15.0)

 

14.3 (13.4, 15.2)

 

14.9 (13.9, 15.8)

 

Smoked during pregnancy (%)

 

0.601

 

0.813

 

0.225

 

0.386

  Yes

15.0 (14.5, 15.4)

 

14.6 (14.0, 15.1)

 

14.2 (13.7, 14.7)

 

14.7 (12.2, 15.1)

 

  No

15.1 (14.6, 15.6)

 

14.5 (14.0, 15.0)

 

14.0 (13.5, 14.5)

 

14.5 (14.1, 14.9)

 

Poverty

 

0.393

 

0.361

 

0.139

 

0.375

  < 185% Poverty

15.7 (15.2, 16.2)

 

14.9 (14.5, 15.3)

 

14.6 (14.1, 15.1)

 

15.0 (15.0, 15.5)

 

  =  > 185%

15.5 (15.0, 16.0)

 

14.7 (14.2, 15.2)

 

14.3 (13.8, 14.8)

 

14.9 (14.4, 15.3)

 
  1. All analyses conducted with sample weights
  2. a Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI), includes Chinese, Japanese, Hawaiian, Filipino, Asian Indian, Korean, Samoan, Vietnamese, Guamanian and other Asian or Pacific Islander
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