Table 3 Difference in birth weight associated with selected non-pollutant variables among the ECLS-B study population, crude and adjusted models
| Â | Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-pollutants associations (no race) | Non-pollutants associations (maternal race only) | Non-pollutants associations (paternal race and age only) | Non-pollutants associations (maternal and paternal race) | ||
Birth Weight (grams) | Birth Weight (grams) | Birth Weight (grams) | Birth Weight (grams) | Birth Weight (grams) | |
Parameter | β Estimate (95% CI) | β Estimate (95% CI) | β Estimate (95% CI) | β Estimate (95% CI) | β Estimate (95% CI) |
  Male | 127.7 (103.7, 151.7) | 124.0 (101.0, 147.0) | 122.9 (100.2, 145.6) | 124.0 (101.6, 146.4) | 122.8 (100.1, 145.5) |
  Female | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
Parity | |||||
  First child | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  Not first child | 75.7 (46.3, 105.0) | 88.1 (54.3, 121.9) | 90.3 (56.3, 124.2) | 87.8 (54.0, 121.6) | 90.1 (56.3, 124.0) |
Adequacy of prenatal care (Kessner Index) | |||||
  Adequate | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  Intermediate | -88.4 (-128.9, -47.8) | -58.3 (-96.1, -20.5) | -47.4 (-84.2, -10.6) | -51.7 (-89.7, -13.8) | -47.5 (-84.2, -10.8) |
  Inadequate | -107.8 (-171.8, -43.9) | -63.1 (-127.2, 1.1) | -45.6 (-112., 20.9) | -56.8 (-122.9, 9.3) | -46.1 (-112.1, 19.8) |
  Gestational length (weeks) | 60.2 (51.3, 69.0) | 65.8 (56.6, 74.9) | 64.9 (55.9, 74.0) | 65.8 (56.7, 74.8) | 64.9 (55.9, 73.9) |
Maternal education | |||||
  < 12 years | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  12 years | 28.5 (-11.8, 68.8) | -13.6 (-56.5, 29.3) | -6.0 (-52.2, 40.2) | -13.5 (-57.8, 30.8) | -6.3 (-51.9, 39.4) |
  13—15 years | 99.3 (49.9, 148.8) | -1.3 (-46.6, 4406) | 1.2 (-48.3, 50.7) | -1.8 (-49.5, 45.9) | 0.4 (-48.8, 49.5) |
  > 15 years | 124.4 (81.8, 167.1) | -22.6 (-66.9, 21.72) | -22.1 (-70.7, 26.6) | -24.1 (-71.7, 23.5) | -22.5 (-71.8, 26.7) |
  unknown | -33.1 (-142.8, 76.5) | -98.5 (-208.0, 11.0) | -75.6 (-189.0, 37.8) | -83.7 (-196.0, 28.6) | -81.1 (-194.7, 32.5) |
Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||
  White | reference |  | reference |  | reference |
  Black | -228.1 (-262.4, -193.8) |  | -202.9 (-238.8, 167.1) |  | -222.1 (-277.6, -166.5) |
  Hispanic | -66.6 (-107.4, -25.7) |  | -53.1 (-100.2, -6.1) |  | -39.6 (-95.5, 16.3) |
  AAPIa | -204.2 (-237.5, -170.9) |  | -216.1 (-252.2, -180.1) |  | -146.6 (-211.6, -81.7) |
  American Indian/Alaskan Native | -29.9 (-99.2, 30.4) |  | 13.6 (-56.2, 83.5) |  | 14.2 (-62.5, 90.9) |
Paternal race/ethnicity | |||||
  White | reference |  |  | reference | reference |
  Black | -164.5 (-202.2, -126.8) |  |  | -143.9 (-188.9, -98.9) | 30.1 (-34.3, 94.5) |
  Hispanic | -71.6 (-108.0, -35.2) |  |  | -45.2 (-91.5, 1.2) | -17.98 (-71.8, 35.9) |
  AAPIa | -209.7 (-245.6, -173.9) |  |  | -215.30 (-251.41, -179.19) | -93.7 (-159.8, -27.7) |
  American Indian/Alaskan Native | -39.0 (-93.2, 15.1) |  |  | 1.6 (-55.3, 58.4) | 5.3 (-58.2, 68.9) |
  Not stated | -161.4 (-203.7, -119.1) |  |  | -27.7 (-127.8, 72.5) | 34.5 (-66.6, 135.7) |
Maternal marital status | |||||
  Married | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  Not Married | -115.7 (-147.1, -84.3) | -28.1 (-65.1, 8.9) | 1.8 (-37.0, 40.5) | -5.5 (-47.4, 36.4) | -1.7 (-43.0, 39.7) |
Maternal age (years) | |||||
  < 20 yrs | -162.7 (-219.6, -105.9) | -53.6 (-113.0, 5.8) | -54.9 (-115.8, 6.1) | -57.3 (-117.4, 2.8) | -53.8 (-115.2, 7.6) |
  20—24 | -126.3 (-167.8, -84.8) | -66.4 (-110.9, -21.8) | -70.6 (-114.7, -26.5) | -68.3 (-112.8, -23.7) | -70.0 (-114.1, -25.9) |
  25—29 | -28.8 (-73.8, 16.2) | -15.0 (-56.9, 27.0) | -10.9 (-52.7, 30.9) | -11.2 (-53.3, 31.0) | -10.6 (-52.4, 31.2) |
  30—34 | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  35—39 | -10.0 (-54.7, 34.7) | -2.1 (-43.4, 39.3) | -1.5 (-42.8, 39.8) | -3.0 (-43.8, 37.8) | -1.8 (-43.2, 39.6) |
  > 39 | 33.8 (-53.7, 121.3) | 32.2 (-64.2, 128.6) | 33.3 (-64.0, 130.50) | 33.1 (-61.9, 128.1) | 32.8 (-63.7, 129.3) |
Paternal age (years) | |||||
  < 45 yrs | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  ≥ 45 | -37.9 (-131.7, 56.0) | -71.8 (-163.9, 20.4) | -48.0 (-139.07, 43.10) | -64.1 (-155.3, 27.1) | -50.7 (-141.6, 40.3) |
  Not stated | -125.9 (-169.2, -82.6) | 27.4 (-79.5, 24.6) | 0.1 (-51.8, 52.0) | -52.5 (-159.1, 54.1) | -24.7 (-133.6, 84.1) |
Urbanicity | |||||
  Rural | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  Urban | 21.4 (-21.3, 64.2) | -8.4 (-53.4, 36.7) | 22.3 (-23.6, 68.1) | 12.8 (-12.5, 58.2) | 22.4 (-23.8, 68.6) |
Region | |||||
  Northeast | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
  Midwest | 29.1 (-38.4, 96.6) | 27.4 (-25.5, 80.2) | 20.0 (-29.5, 69.4) | 20.2 (-29.2, 69.7) | 19.7 (-29.6, 69.0) |
  South | -34.6 (-97.2, 27.9) | -20.3 (-66.4, 25.7) | -12.7 (-55.8, 30.3) | -17.3 (-61.4, 26.7) | -13.7 (-56.9, 29.6) |
  West | -10.4 (-73.8, 53.0) | 12.4 (-41.3, 66.1) | -5.3 (-55.7, 45.1) | 4.4 (-46.6, 55.4) | -5.7 (-55.8, 44.5) |
Smoked during pregnancy | |||||
  Yes | -191.5 (-233.0, -150.04) | -159.4 (-199.5, -119.3) | -195.4 (-236.8, -154.0) | -175.8 (-215.9, -135.8) | -196.4 (-238.0, -154.7) |
  Unknown |  | -45.3 (-97.1, 6.6) | -24.4 (-74.7, 25.9) | 28.8 (-80.4, 22.8) | -21.0 (-71.1, 29.2) |
  No | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |
Poverty | |||||
  < 185% Poverty | -123.1 (-151.0, -95.3) | -69.0 (-101.6, -36.4) | -46.3 (-78.4, -14.2) | -52.3 (-85.0, -19.7) | -46.4 (-78.5, -14.4) |
  =  > 185% | reference | reference | reference | reference | reference |