What is the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) and possible obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis

Chang, Chen-Wei; Chang, Ching-Hsiung; Chuang, Hung-Yi; Cheng, Han-Yun; Lin, Chia-I; Chen, Hsiang-Tai; Yang, Chen-Cheng

doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00868-6

Environmental Health

Table 1 Studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis (N = 26)

From: What is the association between secondhand smoke (SHS) and possible obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis

First author (year), country	Study design	N	Recruitment	Participants	Sex	Exposure variable	Outcome measures	Number of outcome events/ cases	Comparison
Anuntaseree (2001), Thailand	Cross-sectional	1142	Community	Children aged 6–13 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Ali’s questionnaire	Smoking in household: 47; non-smoking in household: 38	Habitual snoring: most nights
Brunetti (2001), Italy	Cross-sectional	1207	Community	Children aged 3–11 years	Boys and girls	Passive smoking	PSG	Passive smoking: 4; non passive smoking: 10	AHI > 3
Castronovo (2002), Australia	Cross-sectional	604	Community	Children aged 2–8 years	Boys and girls	Passive smoking	Snoring questionnaire	Passive smoking: 80; non passive smoking: 74	Habitual snoring: always and often
Corbo (1989), Italy	Cross-sectional	940	Community	Children aged 6–13 years	Boys and girls	Parental smoking	Snoring questionnaire	Parental smoking exposure: 82; non parental smoking exposure: 36	Habitual snoring: snoring often
Corbo (2001), Italy	Cross-sectional	2209	Community	Children aged 10–15 years	Boys and girls	Parental smoking	Snoring questionnaire	Parental smoking exposure: 89; non parental smoking exposure: 34	Habitual snoring: snoring often
Ersu (2004), Turkey	Cross-sectional	2147	Community	Children aged 5–13 years	Boys and girls	Paternal smoking	Brouillette’s questionnaire	Paternal smoking exposure: 21; non- paternal smoking exposure: 5	High risk of OSAS: the questionnaire criteria by Brouillette et al
Franklin (2004), Sweden	Cross-sectional	15,555	Community	Adult (25–54 years)	Men and women combined	Passive smoking	Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire	Passive smoking exposure: 86; non-passive smoking exposure: 807	Habitual snoring: loud and disturbing snoring at least 3 nights a week
Gill (2012), New Zealand	Cross-sectional	823	Community	Children aged 3 years 0 months to 3 years 12 months	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Goldstein’s questionnaire	NR	Habitual snoring: often (4–6 night/week) or always (every night/day)
Gozal (2008), USA	Cross-sectional	16,321	Community	Children aged 5–7 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Gozal’s sleep questionnaire	Household smoking: 666; non household smoking: 1178	Habitual snoring: almost always (> 4 nights/week) or always on snoring frequency and medium loud to loud on loudness of snoring
Huang (2019), China	Retrospective	209	Clinic	Older than 18 years	Men and women combined	SHS	PSG	SHS exposure: 87; non- SHS exposure: 61	AHI≧5
Kaditis (2004), Greece	Cross-sectional	3666	Community	Children and adolescents aged 1–18 years	Boys and girls	Passive smoking	Brouilette’s questionnaire	Passive smoking exposure:106; non passive smoking exposure: 48	Habitual snoring: snoring every night
Kannan (2017), USA	Prospective cohort	609	Community	Child at age 4	Boys and girls	SHS	Snoring questionnaire	SHS exposure: 52; non-SHS exposure: 77	Habitual snoring ≧ 3 nights/week
Kheirandish-Gozal (2014), Iran	Cross-sectional	6000	Community	Children aged 6–12 years	Boys and girls	Parental smoking	Gozal’s sleep questionnaire	NR	Habitual snoring ≧ 3 nights/week
First author (year), country	Study design	N	Recruitment	Participants	Sex	Exposure variable	Outcome Measures	Number of outcome events/ cases	Comparison
Kuehni (2008), UK	Cross-sectional	3245	Community	Children aged 1–4 years	Boys and girls	Parental smoking	Corbo’s questionnaire	Parental smoking exposure: 241; non-parental smoking exposure: 290	Habitual snoring: snoring almost always
Li AM (2010), Hong Kong	Cross-sectional	9172	Community	Children aged 5–14 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Hong Kong Children Sleep Questionnaire	Household smoking: 143; non household snoring: 311	Habitual snoring: frequently, three nights or more per week
Li S (2010), China	Cross-sectional	20,152	Community	Children aged 5.08–11.99 years	Boys and girls	Household passive smoking	Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire	Household passive smoking: 666; non household passive smoking: 1750	Habitual snoring: frequently (2–4 nights/week) or always (5–7 nights/week)
Nosetti (2011), Italy	Case–control	1610	Community	Children aged 0–14 years	Boys and girls	SHS	PSG	SHS exposure: 274; non-SHS exposure: 306	AHI (NR)
Ohida (2007), Japan	Cross-sectional	19,386	Clinic	Pregnant women	Women	SHS	7 items questionnaire	SHSexposure: 10,269; non-SHS exposure: 9023	Snoring (often or always)
Owen (1996),	Cross-sectional	245	Community	Children aged 0–11 years	Boys and girls	Parental smoking	Owen’s questionnaire	Parental smoking exposure: 39; non parental smoking exposure: 27	Snoring (sometimes or often)
Sahin (2009), Turkey	Cross-sectional	1605	Community	Children aged 7–13 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Ersu’s questionnaire	Household smoking: 28; non household smoking: 14	Habitual snoring: frequently or almost every day
Sogut (2005), Turkey	Cross-sectional	1344	Community	Children aged 3–11 years	Boys and girls	Passive smoking	PSG	Passive smoking: 11; non passive smoking: 4	AHI > 3
Sogut (2009), Turkey	Cross-sectional	1030	Community	Adolescents aged 12–17	Boys and girls	Exposure to father smoking	55-item questionnaire	Exposure to father smoking: 25; non-father smoking: 16	Habitual snoring: often and always
Urschitz (2004), Germany	Cross-sectional	1760	Community	Children aged 9 ± 0.7 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Sleep-disordered breathing questionnaire	Household smoking: 62; non household smoking: 50	Habitual snoring: frequently and always
Włodarska (2020), Poland	Cross-sectional	160	Community	Children aged 6–18 years	Boys and girls	Exposure to tobacco smoke at home	PSG	Exposure group: 17; non exposure group: 3	Children aged < 13 years, AHI > 1.5; children aged > 13, AHI > 5
Zhang (2004), Australia	Cross-sectional	985	School	Children aged 4–12 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	Rumchev’s questionnaire	Household smoking exposure: 84; non-household smoking exposure: 65	Habitual snoring more than 4 times/week
Zhu (2013), Hong Kong	Cross-sectional	2954	Community population	Preschool children aged 2–6 years	Boys and girls	Household smoking	The Hong Kong Paediatric Sleep Survey	household smoking exposure: 52; non-household smoking exposure: 68	Habitual snoring ≧ 3 nights/week

SHS Secondhand Smoke, AHI Apnea–Hypopnea Index, PSG Polysomnography, NR Not reported

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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