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Table 2 Distribution of urinary phthalate metabolites (ng/mL), thyroid hormone levels, and lipid metabolism indicators among adults

From: Mediation effects of thyroid function in the associations between phthalate exposure and lipid metabolism in adults

Variables

Adults (≧18 years) (N = 222)

N (%) > LOD

Inside reference range (%)

Median (P25-P75)

GM (95% CI)

Phthalate metabolites a

 MMP

212 (95.5)

91.4

23.23 (10.34, 53.21)

23.05 (18.48, 28.76)

 MEP

204 (91.9)

96.8

12.02 (5.33, 25.97)

10.97 (8.66, 13.88)

 MiBP

158 (71.2)

96.4

7.07 (ND, 17.08)

3.60 (2.70, 4.79)

 MnBP

193 (86.9)

97.3

14.76 (6.16, 28.27)

9.72 (7.53, 12.56)

 MBzP

51 (23.0)

99.1

ND (ND, ND)

0.32 (0.27, 0.39)

 MEHP

175 (78.8)

99.1

6.90 (3.11, 12.12)

3.90 (3.06, 4.96)

 MEHHP

217 (97.7)

95.0

16.24 (9.82, 30.27)

15.84 (13.72, 18.28)

 MEOHP

205 (92.3)

96.4

10.28 (5.58, 16.37)

8.04 (6.71, 9.62)

 MECPP

214 (96.4)

95.9

20.17 (11.30, 32.60)

17.75 (15.06, 20.91)

 MCMHP

142 (64.0)

98.2

3.21 (ND, 6.39)

1.54 (1.21, 1.96)

 MiNP

23 (10.4)

99.5

ND (ND, ND)

0.21 (0.19, 0.24)

 ΣDEHPm (nmole/mL) b

  

0.20 (0.12, 0.33)

0.20 (0.18, 0.22)

 ΣDBPm (nmole/mL) b

  

0.11 (0.05, 0.20)

0.10 (0.08, 0.12)

Thyroid Hormones c

 TSH (μIU/mL)

222 (100)

95.0

1.48 (1.09, 2.22)

1.55 (1.43, 1.69)

 T3 (ng/dL)

222 (100)

97.3

108.00 (93.00, 121.00)

105.58 (102.81, 108.41)

 T4 (μg/dL)

222 (100)

95.5

7.38 (6.18, 8.52)

7.26 (7.04, 7.48)

 Free T4 (ng/dL)

222 (100)

93.2

0.92 (0.82, 1.05)

0.92 (0.90, 0.94)

 TBG (μg/mL)

222 (100)

70.7

21.80 (19.23, 24.68)

21.26 (20.66, 21.87)

Lipid metabolism d

 TC (mg/dL)

222 (100)

60.8

190.00 (168.00, 221.00)

190.62 (185.19, 196.21)

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

222 (100)

91.0

57.90 (46.78, 69.85)

57.30 (55.27, 59.41)

 LDL-C (mg/dL)

222 (100)

70.3

112.00 (90.50, 139.00)

109.16 (104.56, 113.97)

 TG (mg/dL)

222 (100)

77.9

100.50 (72.00, 135.75)

106.84 (98.60, 115.77)

 CRI-I

222 (100)

82.9

3.32 (2.76, 3.92)

3.33 (3.20, 3.46)

 CRI-II

222 (100)

80.6

1.96 (1.46, 2.59)

1.91 (1.81, 2.01)

 NHC

222 (100)

48.6

131.30 (107.20, 162.35)

129.88 (124.87, 135.09)

 AC

222 (100)

77.0

2.32 (1.76, 2.92)

2.27 (2.14, 2.40)

  1. ND was calculated as half of detection limit. The limit of detection (LOD) for MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCMHP, and MiNP were 0.3, 0.3, 1.0, 1.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively
  2. Abbreviations: GM Geometric mean, LOD Limit of detection, ND Not detectable, MMP Mono-methyl phthalate, MEP Mono-ethyl phthalate, MiBP Mono-iso-butyl phthalate, MnBP Mono-n-butyl phthalate, MBzP Mono-benzyl phthalate, MEHP Mono-ethylhexyl phthalate, MEHHP Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MEOHP Mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxo-hexyl) phthalate, MECPP Mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, MCMHP Mono-(2-carboxymethylhexyl) phthalate, MiNP Mono-iso-nonyl phthalate, TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone, T3 Triiodothyronine, T4 Thyroxine, free T4 Free thyroxine, TBG Thyroxine-binding globulin, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, CRI-I Castelli risk indexes I, CRI- II Castelli risk indexes II, NHC Non-HDL cholesterol, AC Atherogenic coefficient
  3. a The reference ranges (P95) of adults for MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, MCMHP, MiNP were 208.2 ng/mL, 265.8 ng/mL, 70.0 ng/mL, 204.3 ng/mL, 11.7 ng/mL, 59.2 ng/mL, 69.7 ng/mL, 35.1 ng/mL, 93.8 ng/mL, 27.7 ng/mL, 12.1 ng/mL. (Liao et al., 2021)
  4. b ΣDEHPm = sum molar concentrations of MEHP + MEHHP + MEOHP + MECPP + MCMHP; ΣDBPm = sum molar concentrations of MiBP + MnBP
  5. c The laboratory reference ranges of adults for TSH, T3, T4, free T4, and TBG were 0.35–4.94 μIU/mL, 58–159 ng/dL, 4.87–11.72 μg/dL, 0.70–1.48 ng/dL, and 15.8–25.4 μg/ mL, respectively
  6. d The laboratory reference ranges of adults for TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG were < 200 mg/dL, > 40 mg/dL, < 130 mg/dL, and < 150 mg/dL, respectively. The reference ranges of adults for CRI-I, CRI-II, NHC, and AC were CRI-I < 4.5 (male), CRI-I < 4.0 (female), CRI-II < 3.0 (male), CRI-II < 2.5 (female), NHC < 130 mg / dL, and AC≦3.0. (Millán et al., 2009; Harari et al., 2017; Bhardwaj et al., 2013)
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X