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Table 2 Estimated percent increase in all-cause and cause-specific mortality with increases in PM2.5, O3, and NO2 in baseline model, two stage causal model, and low exposure model

From: Short term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the US: a double negative control analysis

  

PM2.5 (μg /m3)

O3 (ppb)

NO2 (ppb)

Model

Cases (n)

%

95% CI

p

%

95% CI

p

%

95% CI

p

Three pollutant Model

13,474,216

0.73

(0.38, 1.08)

<0.01

0.20

(−0.01, 0.41)

0.06

0.19

(−0.01, 0.38)

0.06

With two Stage Causal Model

13,474,216

0.68

(0.33, 1.03)

<0.01

0.30

(0.12, 0.48)

<0.01

0.12

(−0.02, 0.26

0.09

Low Exposurea

11,919,986

0.73

(0.38, 1.08)

<0.01

0.23

(−0.02, 0.48)

0.08

0.19

(−0.01, 0.39)

0.07

Cardiovascularb

1,053,304

0.79

(0.18, 1.40)

0.01

0.22

(−0.15, 0.59)

0.26

−0.13

(−0.48, 0.22)

0.47

Respiratoryb

323,309

1.16

(0.00, 2.35)

0.04

0.41

(−0.33, 1.15)

0.28

0.73

0.00, 1.46)

0.05

  1. Values are percent increase (95% CI) for 10 μg/m3increase in PM2.5, 10 ppb in O3, and 10 ppb in NO2. All models were adjusted for temperature and absolute humidity. Lag periods for all models were lag0–1 for PM2.5, lag0–2 for O3, and lag0–2 for NO2
  2. aThe low exposure model analysis had the same model specifications as the baseline model analysis and was restricted to days with PM2.5below 25 μg/m3, O3below 50 ppb, and NO2below 106.4 ppb
  3. bMortality due to cardiovascular disease (International Classification of Disease, 10th edition [ICD-10] codes I00 to I99) and respiratory disease (ICD-10 codes J00 to J99)