From: Short term exposure to air pollution and mortality in the US: a double negative control analysis
 |  | PM2.5 (μg /m3) | O3 (ppb) | NO2 (ppb) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Cases (n) | % | 95% CI | p | % | 95% CI | p | % | 95% CI | p |
Three pollutant Model | 13,474,216 | 0.73 | (0.38, 1.08) | <0.01 | 0.20 | (−0.01, 0.41) | 0.06 | 0.19 | (−0.01, 0.38) | 0.06 |
With two Stage Causal Model | 13,474,216 | 0.68 | (0.33, 1.03) | <0.01 | 0.30 | (0.12, 0.48) | <0.01 | 0.12 | (−0.02, 0.26 | 0.09 |
Low Exposurea | 11,919,986 | 0.73 | (0.38, 1.08) | <0.01 | 0.23 | (−0.02, 0.48) | 0.08 | 0.19 | (−0.01, 0.39) | 0.07 |
Cardiovascularb | 1,053,304 | 0.79 | (0.18, 1.40) | 0.01 | 0.22 | (−0.15, 0.59) | 0.26 | −0.13 | (−0.48, 0.22) | 0.47 |
Respiratoryb | 323,309 | 1.16 | (0.00, 2.35) | 0.04 | 0.41 | (−0.33, 1.15) | 0.28 | 0.73 | 0.00, 1.46) | 0.05 |