Table 5 Subgroup analysis of the association between per two-year mean 10-μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 and metabolic syndrome, high triglyceride and high fasting blood among adults and elderly

Region

  Urban (n = 3613)

1.03 (0.85, 1.24)

1.15 (0.96, 1.36)

0.79 (0.66, 0.95) ^*

  Rural (n = 3015)

1.38 (1.11, 1.70) ^*

1.71 (1.37, 2.13) ^*

1.87 (1.55, 2.25) ^*

Sex

  Men (n = 2955)

1.24 (1.01, 1.53) ^*

1.34 (1.11, 1.62) ^*

1.23 (1.02, 1.47) ^*

  Women (n = 3673)

1.09 (0.90, 1.31)

1.36 (1.12, 1.66) ^*

1.13 (0.95, 1.35)

Age

   < 45 years(n = 2316)

1.07 (0.81, 1.39)

1.21 (0.96, 1.54)

0.89 (0.68, 1.16)

   ≥ 45 years(n = 4312)

1.19 (1.01, 1.39) ^*

1.43 (1.22, 1.69) ^*

1.26 (1.09, 1.45) ^*

Cigarette smoking

  Nonsmoker(n = 4428)

1.16 (0.98, 1.38)

1.35 (1.15, 1.59) ^*

1.14 (0.98, 1.34)

  Smoker(n = 2200)

1.17 (0.91, 1.50)

1.42 (1.20, 1.68) ^*

1.33 (1.07, 1.65) ^*

Alcohol consumption

  Non-drinker (n = 3929)

1.20 (0.96, 1.50)

1.32 (1.06, 1.64) ^*

1.35 (1.10, 1.66) ^*

  Drinker (n = 2699)

1.14 (0.95, 1.36)

1.37 (1.16, 1.61) ^*

1.10 (0.93, 1.29)

Exercise

  No (n = 5479)

1.17 (1.01, 1.35) ^*

1.37 (1.18, 1.58) ^*

1.28 (1.11, 1.46) ^*

  Yes (n = 1149)

1.14 (0.82, 1.60) ^*

0.97 (0.72, 1.31) ^*

0.95 (0.68, 1.33)

BMI

  Underweight(n = 504)

1.02 (0.65, 1.58)

1.25 (0.48, 3.27)

1.72 (0.98, 3.02)

  Normal (n = 3741)

1.16 (0.93, 1.43)

1.47 (1.20, 1.79) ^*

1.21 (1.02, 1.44) ^*

  Over weight/Obese (n = 2383)

1.14 (0.96, 1.36)

1.28 (1.06, 1.53) ^*

1.12 (0.93, 1.36)

Grain consumption

   < 400 g/daily(n = 3232)

1.32 (1.08, 1.62) ^*

1.38 (1.14, 1.68) ^*

1.59 (1.32, 1.91) ^*

   ≥ 400 g/daily (n = 3396)

1.09 (0.90, 1.34)

1.33 (1.11, 1.61) ^*

0.96 (0.80, 1.15)

Vegetable and Fruit consumption

   < 400 g/daily(n = 3858)

1.25 (1.03, 1.51) ^*

1.41 (1.18, 1.69) ^*

1.43 (1.20, 1.70) ^*

   ≥ 400 g/daily (n = 2770)

1.14 (0.92, 1.41)

1.36 (1.10, 1.66) ^*

0.91 (0.75, 1.11)

Red Meat consumption

   < 100 g/daily (n = 3970)

1.16 (0.97, 1.39)

1.29 (1.09, 1.53) ^*

1.33 (1.13, 1.57) ^*

   ≥ 100 g/daily (n = 2658)

1.19 (0.96, 1.49)

1.38 (1.13, 1.70) ^*

1.02 (0.83, 1.24)