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Table 1 Study population exposure levels relative to 2021 WHO air quality guideline levels

From: NO2 and PM2.5 air pollution co-exposure and temperature effect modification on pre-mature mortality in advanced age: a longitudinal cohort study in China

Variables

Overall (N = 11,835)

NO2 (μg/m3)

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

Median (P25, P75)

AQG level:<10(n = 2807)

Interim Target 3: [ 10, 20) (n = 4922)

Interim Target 2: [ 20, 30) (n = 2374)

Interim Target 1: [ 30, 40) (n = 864)

[ 40,109] (n = 868)

Median (P25, P75)

Below Interim Target 1: PM2.5 < 35 (N = 1410)

Above Interim Target 1: PM2.5 ≥ 35 (N = 10,425)

NO2 (μg/m3)

 Mean (SD)

19.1 (14.1)

/

6.02 (2.45)

14.9 (2.81)

23.9 (2.75)

34.4 (2.98)

56.7 (16.0)

/

10.9 (9.76)

20.2 (14.2)

 Median [Min, Max]

16.0 [1.22, 109]

/

6.01 [1.22, 9.99]

14.8 [10.0, 19.99]

23.4 [20.0, 29.9]

34.0 [30.0, 39.9]

50.8 [40.0, 109]

/

8.70 [1.22, 99.0]

17.0 [1.99, 109]

PM2.5 (μg/m3)

 Mean (SD)

52.8 (15.9)

/

42.7 (12.4)

52.5 (13.3)

58.0 (14.7)

60.3 (17.3)

66.1 (20.6)

/

29.8 (4.26)

56.0 (14.2)

 Median [Min, Max]

51.2 [14.8, 133]

/

41.1 [14.8, 87.1]

52.1 [19.5, 110]

56.9 [18.7, 120]

58.0 [25.1, 122]

61.7 [24.6, 133]

/

30.9 [14.8, 34.9]

53.6 [35.0, 133]

Age

 Mean (SD)

86.9 (11.4)

/

86.5 (11.7)

86.5 (11.3)

87.6 (11.2)

87.3 (11.3)

88.2 (12.2)

/

82.1 (11.1)

87.6 (11.3)

 Median [Min, Max]

88.0 [65.0, 116]

/

87.0 [65.0, 112]

88.0 [65.0, 116]

89.0 [65.0, 116]

89.0 [65.0, 113]

90.0 [65.0, 114]

/

81.0 [65.0, 112]

89.0 [65.0, 116]

Gender: n(%)

 Male

5071 (42.8)

16.25 (10.51, 23.53)

1176 (41.9)

2091 (42.5)

1063 (44.8)

357 (41.3)

384 (44.2)

50.6 (40.5, 62.9)

642 (45.5)

4429 (42.5)

 Female

6764 (57.2)

15.86 (10.22, 22.95)

1631 (58.1)

2831 (57.5)

1311 (55.2)

507 (58.7)

484 (55.8)

51.7 (41.6, 63.6)

768 (54.5)

5996 (57.5)

Education: n(%)

 0 year

7469 (63.1)

15.7 (10.15, 22.1)

1816 (64.7)

3260 (66.2)

1504 (63.4)

484 (56.0)

405 (46.7)

52.7 (42.4, 64.3)

805 (57.1)

6664 (63.9)

 1–6 years

3242 (27.4)

15.73 (10.23, 24.05)

790 (28.1)

1306 (26.5)

638 (26.9)

230 (26.6)

278 (32.0)

48.1 (39.2, 59.18)

460 (32.6)

2782 (26.7)

  > 6 years

1124 (9.5)

20.16 (12.18, 33.34)

201 (7.2)

356 (7.2)

232 (9.8)

150 (17.4)

185 (21.3)

50.5 (40.5, 63.2)

145 (10.3)

979 (9.4)

Marriage: n(%)

 Married

3709 (31.3)

15.85 (10.69, 23.45)

830 (29.6)

1583 (32.2)

746 (31.4)

275 (31.8)

275 (31.7)

48 (38.4, 60.3)

598 (42.4)

3111 (29.8)

 not married

8126 (68.7)

16.07 (10.17, 23.14)

1977 (70.4)

3339 (67.8)

1628 (68.6)

589 (68.2)

593 (68.3)

52.5 (42.7, 64.3)

812 (57.6)

7314 (70.2)

Regular Exercise: n(%)

 Current

3162 (26.7)

18 (12.01, 27.6)

566 (20.2)

1253 (25.5)

657 (27.7)

314 (36.3)

372 (42.9)

50.7 (40.23, 62.68)

453 (32.1)

2709 (26.0)

 Former

1460 (12.3)

18.28 (11.11, 28.2)

327 (11.6)

479 (9.7)

317 (13.4)

139 (16.1)

198 (22.8)

52.4 (42.3, 64.3)

175 (12.4)

1285 (12.3)

 Never

7213 (60.9)

15.02 (9.64, 21.23)

1914 (68.2)

3190 (64.8)

1400 (59.0)

411 (47.6)

298 (34.3)

51.3 (41.3, 63.4)

782 (55.5)

6431 (61.7)

Smoking: n(%)

 Never

7846 (66.3)

15.58 (9.87, 22.86)

2000 (71.3)

3228 (65.6)

1498 (63.1)

552 (63.9)

568 (65.4)

50.8 (40.7, 63.18)

1007 (71.4)

6839 (65.6)

 Former

1916 (16.2)

18.06 (12.12, 25.99)

336 (12.0)

778 (15.8)

444 (18.7)

183 (21.2)

175 (20.2)

52.65 (42.8, 64.6)

195 (13.8)

1721 (16.5)

 Light smoker

1624 (13.7)

16.25 (10.92, 22.97)

347 (12.4)

713 (14.5)

353 (14.9)

104 (12.0)

107 (12.3)

51.9 (42.6, 63.3)

135 (9.6)

1489 (14.3)

 Heavy smoker

449 (3.8)

14.37 (9.17, 20.36)

124 (4.4)

203 (4.1)

79 (3.3)

25 (2.9)

18 (2.1)

48 (38.1, 58.6)

73 (5.2)

376 (3.6)

Drinking: n(%)

 Never

8174 (69.1)

16.07 (10.27, 23.29)

1947 (69.4)

3374 (68.5)

1627 (68.5)

616 (71.3)

610 (70.3)

51.1 (41.2, 63.5)

977 (69.3)

7197 (69.0)

 Former

1660 (14.0)

16.65 (10.94, 24.23)

368 (13.1)

685 (13.9)

348 (14.7)

120 (13.9)

139 (16.0)

51.85 (41.5, 63.2)

195 (13.8)

1465 (14.1)

 Light drinker

754 (6.4)

15.51 (10.38, 23.91)

174 (6.2)

311 (6.3)

142 (6.0)

59 (6.8)

68 (7.8)

52.2 (41.62, 63.5)

83 (5.9)

671 (6.4)

 Heavy drinker

1247 (10.5)

15.13 (9.89, 21.35)

318 (11.3)

552 (11.2)

257 (10.8)

69 (8.0)

51 (5.9)

50.6 (40.1, 61.7)

155 (11.0)

1092 (10.5)

Household Income: n(%)

  < 4000

2741 (23.2)

13.91 (8.97, 19.29)

798 (28.4)

1339 (27.2)

469 (19.8)

90 (10.4)

45 (5.2)

51.5 (40, 64)

395 (28.0)

2346 (22.5)

  < 10,000

2655 (22.4)

14.87 (9.23, 20.22)

747 (26.6)

1211 (24.6)

540 (22.7)

106 (12.3)

51 (5.9)

50.6 (40, 63)

339 (24.0)

2316 (22.2)

  < 20,000

2653 (22.4)

16.22 (10.62, 23.23)

591 (21.1)

1134 (23.0)

544 (22.9)

218 (25.2)

166 (19.1)

50.9 (41.6, 62.3)

297 (21.1)

2356 (22.6)

  ≥ 20,000

3786 (32.0)

19.85 (12.49, 31.96)

671 (23.9)

1238 (25.2)

821 (34.6)

450 (52.1)

606 (69.8)

51.6 (42.6, 63.5)

379 (26.9)

3407 (32.7)

BMI Groups: n(%)

  < 18.5

3893 (32.9)

14.31 (8.64, 21.18)

1171 (41.7)

1625 (33.0)

658 (27.7)

225 (26.0)

214 (24.7)

49.9 (40.3, 62.2)

546 (38.7)

3347 (32.1)

  < 25

6895 (58.3)

16.56 (10.76, 23.97)

1522 (54.2)

2866 (58.2)

1451 (61.1)

539 (62.4)

517 (59.6)

51.5 (41.3, 63.5)

778 (55.2)

6117 (58.7)

  < 30

897 (7.6)

19.43 (13.64, 27.99)

100 (3.6)

374 (7.6)

220 (9.3)

86 (10.0)

117 (13.5)

53 (43.5, 66.2)

76 (5.4)

821 (7.9)

  ≥ 30

150 (1.3)

21.11 (14.2, 29.16)

14 (0.5)

57 (1.2)

45 (1.9)

14 (1.6)

20 (2.3)

55.4 (43.55, 69.75)

10 (0.7)

140 (1.3)

Residence: n(%)

 Urban

4304 (36.4)

20.99 (13.86, 35)

532 (19.0)

1493 (30.3)

924 (38.9)

539 (62.4)

816 (94.0)

50.4 (41.8, 62)

479 (34.0)

3825 (36.7)

 Rural

7531 (63.6)

14.04 (8.79, 19.8)

2275 (81.0)

3429 (69.7)

1450 (61.1)

325 (37.6)

52 (6.0)

51.7 (40.8, 63.8)

931 (66.0)

6600 (63.3)

Geographical Region: n(%)

 central

2974 (25.1)

15.16 (10.58, 20.13)

657 (23.4)

1555 (31.6)

578 (24.3)

127 (14.7)

57 (6.6)

62.5 (52.3, 70.4)

106 (7.5)

2868 (27.5)

 eastern

3387 (28.6)

19.6 (14.36, 26.32)

307 (10.9)

1454 (29.5)

974 (41.0)

350 (40.5)

302 (34.8)

49.3 (41.3, 57.6)

341 (24.2)

3046 (29.2)

 northeastern

905 (7.6)

25.16 (17.36, 35.14)

63 (2.2)

246 (5.0)

262 (11.0)

173 (20.0)

161 (18.5)

47.9 (39.2, 57.1)

163 (11.6)

742 (7.1)

 northern

648 (5.5)

31.96 (20.15, 50.76)

29 (1.0)

133 (2.7)

140 (5.9)

90 (10.4)

256 (29.5)

73.45 (57.5, 94.43)

19 (1.3)

629 (6.0)

 southern

2390 (20.2)

8.84 (4.02, 13.58)

1342 (47.8)

809 (16.4)

154 (6.5)

61 (7.1)

24 (2.8)

40.3 (33.7, 46.5)

732 (51.9)

1658 (15.9)

 southwestern

1531 (12.9)

14.73 (9.6, 20.26)

409 (14.6)

725 (14.7)

266 (11.2)

63 (7.3)

68 (7.8)

57.4 (45.6, 67.1)

49 (3.5)

1482 (14.2)

Temperature mean of the last year (°C)

 Mean (SD)

16.4 (4.19)

/

19.1 (3.48)

16.3 (3.71)

14.7 (3.75)

14.5 (4.29)

12.4 (4.79)

/

18.7 (5.94)

16.0 (3.74)

 Median [Min, Max]

16.6 [0.132, 25.3]

/

19.0 [0.132, 25.3]

16.2 [0.459, 24.7]

15.0 [0.590, 24.7]

15.3 [2.79, 23.6]

14.0 [3.42, 23.6]

/

20.6 [0.132, 25.3]

16.2 [1.98, 24.0]

 Missing

1076 (9.1%)

/

103 (3.7%)

358 (7.3%)

158 (6.7%)

78 (9.0%)

379 (43.7%)

/

43 (3.0%)

1033 (9.9%)

Temperature SD of the last year (°C)

 Mean (SD)

9.10 (2.13)

/

7.71 (1.76)

9.14 (1.82)

9.92 (1.98)

10.1 (2.18)

11.1 (2.71)

/

7.84 (3.00)

9.29 (1.91)

 Median [Min, Max]

9.26 [4.28, 17.2]

/

7.64 [4.28, 17.1]

9.41 [4.28, 17.2]

9.87 [4.33, 17.1]

9.81 [5.90, 16.9]

10.5 [5.94, 16.6]

/

6.98 [4.28, 17.2]

9.40 [5.03, 17.1]

 Missing

1076 (9.1%)

/

103 (3.7%)

358 (7.3%)

158 (6.7%)

78 (9.0%)

379 (43.7%)

/

43 (3.0%)

1033 (9.9%)