Table 1 Blood lead and urinary cadmium geometric means and standard errors by study population baseline characteristics

Age classes (years)

Quartile 1 (< 33)

3,833 (26.78)

2.45 (0.3)

0.22 (0.0)

Quartile 2 (34–45)

3,516 (24.57)

2.65 (0.3)

0.31 (0.1)

Quartile 3 (4663)

3,532 (24.68)

3.29 (0.0)

0.46 (0.0)

Quartile 4(≥ 64)

3,648 (25.49)

3.69 (0.0)

0.62 (0.0)

Sex

Women

7,570 (52.90)

2.26 (0.0)

0.42 (0.0)

Men

6,741 (47.10)

4.03 (0.0)

0.31 (0.0)

Ethnicity

Mexican-American

3,891 (27.19)

2.99 (0.0)

0.31 (0.0)

Other Hispanic

369 (2.58)

2.88 (0.1)

0.32 (0.0)

Not Hispanic

10,051 (70.23)

2.96 (0.0)

0.39 (0.0)

Smoking status

Never smoker

6,807 (47.7)

2.37 (0.0)

0.27 (0.0)

Current smoker

4,477 (31.28)

3.86 (0.0)

0.48 (0.0)

Former smoker

3,027 (21.15)

3.32 (0.0)

0.46 (0.0)

Body-mass index

Normal weight (< 25·0 kg/m²)

5,707 (39.88)

2.91 (0.0)

0.34 (0.0)

Overweight (25·0–29·9 kg/m²)

4,855 (33.92)

3.18 (0.0)

0.38 (0.0)

Obese (≥ 30·0 kg/m²)

3,749 (26.20)

2.80 (0.0)

0.38 (0.0)

Physical activity (per month)

None

2,939 (20.54)

3.14 (0.0)

0.44 (0.0)

One to 14 times

5,099 (35.63)

2.89 (0.0)

0.37 (0.0)

15 or more times

6,273 (43.83)

2.95 (0.0)

0.32 (0.0)

Poverty to income ratio tertile

First

4,776 (33.37)

3.21 (0.0)

0.38 (0.0)

Second

4,765 (33.30)

2.85 (0.0)

0.36 (0.0)

Third

4,770 (33.33)

2.85 (0.0)

0.35 (0.0)

Alcohol intake (drinks per month)

Four or fewer

9,940 (69.46)

2.72 (0.0)

0.38 (0.0)

More than four

4,371 (30.54)

3.63 (0.0)

0.33 (0.0)

Healthy eating index tertile

First

4,765 (33.30)

3.23 (0.0)

0.36 (0.00)

Second

4,774 (33.36)

2.91 (0.0)

0.35 (0.0)

Third

4,772 (33.34)

2.78 (0.0)

0.38 (0.0)

Adapted dietary inflammatory index tertile

First

4,770 (0.33)

2.79 (0.0)

0.34 (0.0)

Second

4,771 (0.33)

2.95 (0.0)

0.35 (0.0)

Third

4,770 (0.33)

3.17 (0.0)

0.40 (0.0)