Characteristic | Group | Count (%) | GLY | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Total N = 155) | Mean ± SE | p-value a | ||
Maternal | ||||
Age | ≤ 25 years | 49 (31.6) | 3.41 ± 0.24 | 0.605 |
25–35 years | 76 (49.0) | 3.38 ± 0.19 | ||
> 35 years | 30 (19.4) | 3.05 ± 0.31 | ||
Race/Ethnicity | White | 109 (70.3) | 3.36 ± 0.16 | 0.866 |
Black | 32 (20.7) | 3.37 ± 0.30 | ||
Hispanic | 7 (4.5) | 3.18 ± 0.64 | ||
Other | 7 (4.5) | 2.82 ± 0.64 | ||
Marriage Status | Not Married | 64 (41.3) | 3.20 ± 0.21 | 0.418 |
Married/Cohabitation | 91 (58.7) | 3.42 ± 0.18 | ||
Education | <High School | 7 (4.5) | 5.16 ± 0.61 | 0.003 |
High School | 39 (25.2) | 3.07 ± 0.26 | ||
>High School | 78 (50.3) | 3.10 ± 0.18 | ||
Unknown | 31 (20.0) | 3.80 ± 0.29 | ||
Employment | Not Employed | 73 (47.1) | 3.36 ± 0.20 | 0.834 |
Employed | 82 (52.9) | 3.30 ± 0.19 | ||
Living in Large Central Metro | No | 66 (42.6) | 3.25 ± 0.21 | 0.607 |
Yes | 89 (57.4) | 3.39 ± 0.18 | ||
Tobacco Use | No | 104 (67.1) | 3.14 ± 0.16 | 0.051 |
Yes | 51 (32.9) | 3.70 ± 0.23 | ||
Caffeine Use | No | 59 (38.1) | 3.73 ± 0.21 | 0.018 |
Yes | 96 (61.9) | 3.08 ± 0.17 | ||
Alcohol Use | No | 136 (87.4) | 3.31 ± 0.14 | 0.746 |
Yes | 19 (12.3) | 3.45 ± 0.40 | ||
Opioid, THC, or Polysubstance Use | No | 105 (67.7) | 3.24 ± 0.16 | 0.340 |
Yes | 50 (32.3) | 3.51 ± 0.24 | ||
High Stress | No | 114 (73.6) | 3.26 ± 0.16 | 0.381 |
Yes | 41 (26.5) | 3.52 ± 0.26 | ||
Hypertensive Disorder(s) | No | 98 (63.2) | 3.46 ± 0.17 | 0.185 |
Yes | 57 (36.8) | 3.09 ± 0.22 | ||
Diabetes | No | 115 (74.2) | 3.50 ± 0.15 | 0.030 |
Yes | 40 (25.8) | 2.83 ± 0.26 | ||
Delivery BMI | ≤ 25 | 21 (13.6) | 2.69 ± 0.36 | 0.210 |
25–30 | 40 (25.8) | 3.63 ± 0.26 | ||
30–35 | 50 (32.3) | 3.52 ± 0.23 | ||
35–40 | 25 (16.1) | 3.02 ± 0.33 | ||
> 40 | 19 (12.3) | 3.29 ± 0.38 | ||
 C-Section | No | 80 (51.6) | 3.36 ± 0.19 | 0.810 |
Yes | 75 (48.4) | 3.29 ± 0.19 | ||
Infant | ||||
Sex | Female | 78 (50.3) | 3.38 ± 0.19 | 0.685 |
Male | 77 (49.7) | 3.27 ± 0.19 | ||
Birth Defects | No | 135 (87.1) | 3.38 ± 0.14 | 0.305 |
Yes | 20 (12.9) | 2.97 ± 0.37 | ||
Preterm Birth | < 37 weeks | 32 (20.7) | 3.43 ± 0.30 | 0.688 |
≥ 37 weeks | 123 (73.4) | 3.30 ± 0.15 | ||
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) | No | 131 (84.5) | 3.22 ± 0.14 | 0.067 |
Yes | 24 (15.5) | 3.90 ± 0.34 |