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Table 1 Mother and infant characteristics and first trimester glyphosate (GLY)

From: Glyphosate exposure in early pregnancy and reduced fetal growth: a prospective observational study of high-risk pregnancies

Characteristic

Group

Count (%)

GLY

(Total N = 155)

Mean ± SE

p-value a

Maternal

Age

≤ 25 years

49 (31.6)

3.41 ± 0.24

0.605

25–35 years

76 (49.0)

3.38 ± 0.19

> 35 years

30 (19.4)

3.05 ± 0.31

Race/Ethnicity

White

109 (70.3)

3.36 ± 0.16

0.866

Black

32 (20.7)

3.37 ± 0.30

Hispanic

7 (4.5)

3.18 ± 0.64

Other

7 (4.5)

2.82 ± 0.64

Marriage Status

Not Married

64 (41.3)

3.20 ± 0.21

0.418

Married/Cohabitation

91 (58.7)

3.42 ± 0.18

Education

<High School

7 (4.5)

5.16 ± 0.61

0.003

High School

39 (25.2)

3.07 ± 0.26

>High School

78 (50.3)

3.10 ± 0.18

Unknown

31 (20.0)

3.80 ± 0.29

Employment

Not Employed

73 (47.1)

3.36 ± 0.20

0.834

Employed

82 (52.9)

3.30 ± 0.19

Living in Large

Central Metro

No

66 (42.6)

3.25 ± 0.21

0.607

Yes

89 (57.4)

3.39 ± 0.18

Tobacco Use

No

104 (67.1)

3.14 ± 0.16

0.051

Yes

51 (32.9)

3.70 ± 0.23

Caffeine Use

No

59 (38.1)

3.73 ± 0.21

0.018

Yes

96 (61.9)

3.08 ± 0.17

Alcohol Use

No

136 (87.4)

3.31 ± 0.14

0.746

Yes

19 (12.3)

3.45 ± 0.40

Opioid, THC, or Polysubstance Use

No

105 (67.7)

3.24 ± 0.16

0.340

Yes

50 (32.3)

3.51 ± 0.24

High Stress

No

114 (73.6)

3.26 ± 0.16

0.381

Yes

41 (26.5)

3.52 ± 0.26

Hypertensive Disorder(s)

No

98 (63.2)

3.46 ± 0.17

0.185

Yes

57 (36.8)

3.09 ± 0.22

Diabetes

No

115 (74.2)

3.50 ± 0.15

0.030

Yes

40 (25.8)

2.83 ± 0.26

Delivery BMI

≤ 25

21 (13.6)

2.69 ± 0.36

0.210

25–30

40 (25.8)

3.63 ± 0.26

30–35

50 (32.3)

3.52 ± 0.23

35–40

25 (16.1)

3.02 ± 0.33

> 40

19 (12.3)

3.29 ± 0.38

 C-Section

No

80 (51.6)

3.36 ± 0.19

0.810

Yes

75 (48.4)

3.29 ± 0.19

Infant

Sex

Female

78 (50.3)

3.38 ± 0.19

0.685

Male

77 (49.7)

3.27 ± 0.19

Birth Defects

No

135 (87.1)

3.38 ± 0.14

0.305

Yes

20 (12.9)

2.97 ± 0.37

Preterm Birth

< 37 weeks

32 (20.7)

3.43 ± 0.30

0.688

≥ 37 weeks

123 (73.4)

3.30 ± 0.15

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)

No

131 (84.5)

3.22 ± 0.14

0.067

Yes

24 (15.5)

3.90 ± 0.34

  1. a P-values were obtained from one-way fixed effect models