Fig. 2

Joint associations of physical activity or air pollution and genetic risk with the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio. The results were obtained after adjusting for age, sex, race, education, household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, fruit and vegetable intake, family history of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, depression, cancer, genotyping, the first 10 genetic principal components, and air pollution or physical activity. Individuals in the low PA or low air pollution group were used as the reference group (*). P-interaction describes the interactions between PA or air pollution and the genetic risk of type 2 diabetes. The interactions between PA or air pollution and T2D GRS were assessed with the likelihood ratio test by including an interaction term between PA (low, moderate, and high PA were coded as 0, 1 and 2, respectively) or air pollution (low, moderate, and high air pollution were coded as 0, 1 and 2, respectively) and T2D GRS (low, intermediate, and high PA were coded as 0, 1 and 2, respectively) in the multivariable-adjusted model