Association of physical activity and air pollution exposure with the risk of type 2 diabetes: a large population-based prospective cohort study

Table 3 Risk of incident type 2 diabetes according to physical activity category within each of air pollution category

Air pollution	Low-PA		Moderate-PA		High-PA		P for trend	P-interaction^a
Air pollution	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value	P for trend	P-interaction^a
PM_2.5								0.359
Low	1.00 (reference)	-	0.82 (0.75-0.88)	<0.001	0.72 (0.66-0.79)	<0.001	<0.001
Moderate	1.00 (reference)	-	0.85 (0.79-0.91)	<0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.79)	<0.001	<0.001
High	1.00 (reference)	-	0.81 (0.76-0.86)	<0.001	0.75 (0.70-0.81)	<0.001	<0.001
PM_coarse								0.443
Low	1.00 (reference)	-	0.84 (0.78-0.91)	<0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.80)	<0.001	<0.001
Moderate	1.00 (reference)	-	0.79 (0.74-0.85)	<0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.79)	<0.001	<0.001
High	1.00 (reference)	-	0.79 (0.74-0.85)	<0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.79)	<0.001	<0.001
PM₁₀								0.879
Low	1.00 (reference)	-	0.82 (0.76-0.89)	<0.001	0.75 (0.68-0.81)	<0.001	<0.001
Moderate	1.00 (reference)	-	0.82 (0.76-0.88)	<0.001	0.74 (0.68-0.80)	<0.001	<0.001
High	1.00 (reference)	-	0.83 (0.78-0.89)	<0.001	0.73 (0.67-0.79)	<0.001	<0.001
NO₂								0.737
Low	1.00 (reference)	-	0.83 (0.76-0.9)	<0.001	0.75 (0.69-0.83)	<0.001	<0.001
Moderate	1.00 (reference)	-	0.82 (0.76-0.88)	<0.001	0.72 (0.67-0.78)	<0.001	<0.001
High	1.00 (reference)	-	0.83 (0.78-0.89)	<0.001	0.74 (0.68-0.80)	<0.001	<0.001

Results obtained after adjusting age, sex race, education, household income, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, fruit and vegetable intake, family history of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, depression, and cancer
Abbreviation: CI Confidence interval, HR Hazard ratio, PA Physical activity
^aP-interaction describes the interactions between PA and air pollution. The interactions between PA and individual air pollutants were assessed with the likelihood ratio test by including an interaction term between the PA (low-, moderate-, and high-PA were coded as 0, 1 and 2 respectively) and the air pollution (low-, moderate-, and high-air pollution were coded as 0, 1 and 2 respectively) in the multivariable-adjusted model

ISSN: 1476-069X