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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study population by urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS levels tertiles, NHANES 2013–16

From: Serum glycolipids mediate the relationship of urinary bisphenols with NAFLD: analysis of a population-based, cross-sectional study

 

Urinary BPA levels

Urinary BPS levels

Urinary BPF levels

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

Variables

N = 301

N = 325

N = 334

N = 291

N = 327

N = 342

N = 435

N = 284

N = 241

Age a†

54.2 (16.5)

52.2 (17.4)

52.4 (17.8)

54.8 (17.4)

52.8 (16.9)

51.4 (17.4)

52.3 (17.2)

53.9 (17.0)

52.6 (17.7)

Sex, n(%)

 Female

172 (57.1%)

182 (56.0%)

162 (48.5%)

150 (51.5%)

181 (55.4%)

185 (54.1%)

240 (55.2%)

146 (51.4%)

130 (53.9%)

 Male

129 (42.9%)

143 (44.0%)

172 (51.5%)

141 (48.5%)

146 (44.6%)

157 (45.9%)

195 (44.8%)

138 (48.6%)

111 (46.1%)

Ethnicity, n(%) *†!

 Non-Hispanic White

103 (34.2%)

124 (38.2%)

140 (41.9%)

134 (46.0%)

127 (38.8%)

106 (31.0%)

132 (30.3%)

114 (40.1%)

121 (50.2%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

43 (14.3%)

76 (23.4%)

93 (27.8%)

39 (13.4%)

73 (22.3%)

100 (29.2%)

80 (18.4%)

59 (20.8%)

73 (30.3%)

 Non-Hispanic Asian

73 (24.3%)

37 (11.4%)

19 (5.69%)

58 (19.9%)

44 (13.5%)

27 (7.89%)

89 (20.5%)

31 (10.9%)

9 (3.73%)

 Mexican American

48 (15.9%)

42 (12.9%)

40 (12.0%)

36 (12.4%)

35 (10.7%)

59 (17.3%)

80 (18.4%)

34 (12.0%)

16 (6.64%)

 Other Hispanic

34 (11.3%)

46 (14.2%)

42 (12.6%)

24 (8.25%)

48 (14.7%)

50 (14.6%)

54 (12.4%)

46 (16.2%)

22 (9.13%)

Education, n(%)

 Less than high school

61 (20.3%)

84 (25.8%)

65 (19.5%)

59 (20.3%)

71 (21.7%)

80 (23.4%)

103 (23.7%)

64 (22.5%)

43 (17.8%)

 High school or equivalent

66 (21.9%)

63 (19.4%)

81 (24.3%)

51 (17.5%)

80 (24.5%)

79 (23.1%)

100 (23.0%)

54 (19.0%)

56 (23.2%)

 College or above

174 (57.8%)

178 (54.8%)

188 (56.3%)

181 (62.2%)

176 (53.8%)

183 (53.5%)

232 (53.3%)

166 (58.5%)

142 (58.9%)

Poverty income ratio†

  < 1.0

61 (20.3%)

66 (20.3%)

82 (24.6%)

47 (16.2%)

73 (22.3%)

89 (26.0%)

98 (22.5%)

59 (20.8%)

52 (21.6%)

  ≥ 1.0

240 (79.7%)

259 (79.7%)

252 (75.4%)

244 (83.8%)

254 (77.7%)

253 (74.0%)

337 (77.5%)

225 (79.2%)

189 (78.4%)

Smoking, n(%)

 never

193 (64.1%)

206 (63.4%)

197 (59.0%)

183 (62.9%)

194 (59.3%)

219 (64.0%)

290 (66.7%)

174 (61.3%)

132 (54.8%)

 former

69 (22.9%)

74 (22.8%)

86 (25.7%)

73 (25.1%)

82 (25.1%)

74 (21.6%)

91 (20.9%)

70 (24.6%)

68 (28.2%)

 current

39 (13.0%)

45 (13.8%)

51 (15.3%)

35 (12.0%)

51 (15.6%)

49 (14.3%)

54 (12.4%)

40 (14.1%)

41 (17.0%)

Drinking, n(%)!

 No or unknown

99 (32.9%)

102 (31.4%)

92 (27.5%)

91 (31.3%)

90 (27.5%)

112 (32.7%)

154 (35.4%)

69 (24.3%)

70 (29.0%)

 Yes

202 (67.1%)

223 (68.6%)

242 (72.5%)

200 (68.7%)

237 (72.5%)

230 (67.3%)

281 (64.6%)

215 (75.7%)

171 (71.0%)

Hypertension, n(%)

 No

155 (51.5%)

183 (56.3%)

166 (49.7%)

158 (54.3%)

168 (51.4%)

178 (52.0%)

233 (53.6%)

143 (50.4%)

128 (53.1%)

 Yes

146 (48.5%)

142 (43.7%)

168 (50.3%)

133 (45.7%)

159 (48.6%)

164 (48.0%)

202 (46.4%)

141 (49.6%)

113 (46.9%)

Diabetes, n(%)

 No

223 (74.1%)

252 (77.5%)

247 (74.0%)

225 (77.3%)

249 (76.1%)

248 (72.5%)

319 (73.3%)

224 (78.9%)

179 (74.3%)

 Yes

78 (25.9%)

73 (22.5%)

87 (26.0%)

66 (22.7%)

78 (23.9%)

94 (27.5%)

116 (26.7%)

60 (21.1%)

62 (25.7%)

 BMI, (kg/m2) a *†!

28.5 (6.80)

28.7 (6.43)

30.7 (7.73)

28.2 (6.91)

29.1 (6.69)

30.6 (7.42)

28.9 (6.85)

29.4 (7.01)

30.0 (7.54)

 TC, (mg/dL) a !

192 (40.8)

188 (38.3)

184 (39.8)

190 (39.8)

187 (41.4)

186 (37.8)

192 (41.8)

188 (37.6)

181 (37.1)

 TG, (mg/dL) b *

95.0 [65.0;146]

87.0 [58.0;123]

100 [65.2;139]

94.0 [65.0;136]

91.0 [64.0;134]

99.0 [61.0;138]

96.0 [65.0;133]

92.5 [63.0;139]

91.0 [58.0;135]

 LDL-C, (mg/dL) a!

114 (36.1)

112 (34.1)

109 (34.3)

113 (34.0)

112 (37.4)

111 (33.0)

115 (36.9)

111 (33.6)

107 (31.8)

 HDL-C, (mg/dL) a *

55.4 (15.2)

55.9 (16.8)

52.6 (15.9)

55.1 (15.2)

54.6 (15.7)

54.2 (17.2)

55.2 (16.2)

54.5 (16.9)

53.6 (14.7)

 Glucose, (mg/dL) a†

111 (36.2)

112 (42.3)

111 (33.3)

108 (30.2)

110 (35.8)

116 (43.6)

114 (42.4)

109 (29.4)

110 (36.0)

 HbA1c (%) a†

5.91 (1.26)

5.97 (1.40)

5.87 (1.10)

5.82 (1.07)

5.87 (1.17)

6.04 (1.46)

6.00 (1.41)

5.85 (1.10)

5.84 (1.13)

 Urinary BPA, (ng/mL)b *†!

0.40 [0.20;0.50]

1.10 [0.80;1.30]

3.00 [2.10;4.68]

0.70 [0.40;1.40]

1.20 [0.60;2.40]

1.40 [0.70;2.80]

0.80 [0.40;1.70]

1.30 [0.60;2.40]

1.40 [0.70;3.40]

 Urinary BPS, (ng/mL)b *†!

0.30 [0.10;0.90]

0.50 [0.20;1.10]

0.70 [0.30;1.60]

0.10 [0.07;0.20]

0.50 [0.30;0.60]

1.60 [1.10;3.00]

0.50 [0.20;1.10]

0.50 [0.20;1.12]

0.60 [0.30;1.40]

 Urinary BPF, (ng/mL) b *!

0.14 [0.14;0.50]

0.20 [0.14;0.70]

0.40 [0.14;1.10]

0.20 [0.14;0.60]

0.30 [0.14;0.90]

0.30 [0.14;0.90]

0.14 [0.14;0.14]

0.40 [0.30;0.50]

1.90 [1.10;5.30]

 HSI a *†

37.7 (7.95)

37.9 (7.72)

39.8 (8.71)

37.2 (7.86)

38.2 (7.84)

39.9 (8.61)

38.2 (8.11)

38.4 (7.93)

39.2 (8.65)

NAFLD, n(%) *†

 No

150 (49.8%)

145 (44.6%)

125 (37.4%)

152 (52.2%)

147 (45.0%)

121 (35.4%)

196 (45.1%)

125 (44.0%)

99 (41.1%)

 Yes

151 (50.2%)

180 (55.4%)

209 (62.6%)

139 (47.8%)

180 (55.0%)

221 (64.6%)

239 (54.9%)

159 (56.0%)

142 (58.9%)

  1. a data is expressed with mean (SD)
  2. b data is expressed with median [IQR]. NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, BMI body mass index, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, BPA bisphenol A, BPS bisphenol S, BPF bisphenol F, HSI hepatic steatosis index
  3. *Significant difference across tertiles for BPA
  4. †Significant difference across tertiles for BPS
  5. !Significant difference across tertiles for BPF, p < 0.05 suggests significant differences