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Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study subjects

From: Prospective association between phthalate exposure in childhood and liver function in adolescence: the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study

Characteristic

n

Mean ± SD or %

Sex

 Boys

83

50.6%

 Girls

81

49.4%

Mother’s education level

 Low (graduated of high school or lower)

35

21.3%

 High (graduated of college or higher)

129

78.7%

3–5 years of age

 BMI (kg/m2)

164

15.8 ± 1.6

  Normal

142

86.6%

  Overweight a

22

13.4%

 Monthly household income

  Low (< 3 million won)

41

26.6%

  Middle (< 5 million)

65

42.2%

  High (≥ 5 million)

48

31.2%

7–9 years of age

 BMI (kg/m2)

163

17.0 ± 2.4

  Normal

143

87.7%

  Overweighta

20

12.3%

 Monthly household income

  Low (< 3 million won)

26

16.1%

  Middle (< 5 million)

69

42.9%

  High (≥ 5 million)

66

41.0%

10–15 years of age

 Liver enzymes

  AST (IU/L)

126

18.6 ± 6.1

  ALT (IU/L)

124

12.8 ± 8.8

  γ-GTP (IU/L)

125

13.9 ± 6.7

 Second-hand smoke exposure

  No

105

93.8%

  Yes

7

6.3%

 Physical inactivity level (time spent sitting in leisure time)

  Within 1 h

30

26.3%

  Over 1 h

44

38.6%

  Over 2 h

40

35.1%

  1. AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP Gamma-glutamyl transferase, BMI Body Mass Index
  2. aOverweight was defined as ≥ 85th percentile using 2017 Korean National Growth Charts