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Table 2 Differences in liver enzymes according to tertiles of urinary phthalate levels

From: Prospective association between phthalate exposure in childhood and liver function in adolescence: the Ewha Birth and Growth Cohort Study

 

AST (IU/L)

ALT (IU/L)

γ-GTP (IU/L)

Lsmeans

SE

p

ptrend

Lsmeans

SE

p

ptrend

Lsmeans

SE

p

ptrend

3–5 years of age

 MBzP a

(n = 103)

   

(n = 101)

   

(n = 102)

   

 T1

16.75

1.44

0.093

0.056

10.75

1.47

0.371

0.141

13.53

1.71

0.106

0.193

 T2

16.72

1.32

  

11.29

1.34

  

12.19

1.58

  

 T3

19.15

1.37

  

12.56

1.40

  

15.40

1.63

  

 MECPP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

16.65

1.50

0.091

0.051

9.27

1.48

0.026

0.009

11.88

1.82

0.339

0.167

 T2

16.50

1.33

  

11.29

1.31

  

13.81

1.60

  

 T3

18.96

1.32

  

12.75

1.31

  

13.99

1.59

  

 MEHHP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

18.30

1.51

0.210

0.850

11.28

1.52

0.226

0.215

12.23

1.80

0.232

0.083

 T2

16.38

1.34

  

10.54

1.35

  

12.89

1.60

  

 T3

18.37

1.33

  

12.71

1.34

  

14.77

1.58

  

 MEHP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

18.78

1.50

0.048

0.799

12.16

1.54

0.419

0.918

15.63

1.80

0.115

0.296

 T2

15.85

1.36

  

10.62

1.40

  

12.32

1.64

  

 T3

18.28

1.27

  

12.05

1.30

  

13.73

1.52

  

 MEOHP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

17.28

1.50

0.143

0.235

11.11

1.52

0.237

0.207

12.56

1.81

0.507

0.225

 T2

16.20

1.37

  

10.45

1.39

  

13.13

1.65

  

 T3

18.74

1.31

  

12.63

1.32

  

14.36

1.58

  

 MEP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

17.01

1.43

0.731

0.376

10.38

1.42

0.316

0.126

11.95

1.68

0.192

0.056

 T2

17.35

1.43

  

11.65

1.43

  

13.37

1.67

  

 T3

18.05

1.35

  

12.35

1.34

  

14.83

1.58

  

 MiBP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

18.09

1.49

0.066

0.191

10.94

1.49

0.082

0.056

12.71

1.76

0.036

0.021

 T2

16.63

1.24

  

11.10

1.24

  

12.94

1.46

  

 T3

19.66

1.46

  

13.53

1.47

  

16.20

1.72

  

 MiNP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

16.58

1.44

0.470

0.344

11.08

1.45

0.837

0.594

13.85

1.73

0.949

0.766

 T2

18.08

1.41

  

11.77

1.43

  

13.72

1.69

  

 T3

17.77

1.34

  

11.75

1.35

  

13.36

1.61

  

 MnBP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

17.98

1.45

0.095

0.351

11.10

1.47

0.194

0.134

12.71

1.70

0.021

0.022

 T2

16.34

1.30

  

10.89

1.31

  

12.36

1.52

  

 T3

19.10

1.39

  

13.05

1.41

  

16.17

1.63

  

 ∑DEHP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

17.64

1.48

0.041

0.280

11.34

1.47

0.010

0.113

12.61

1.80

0.227

0.133

 T2

15.55

1.39

  

9.25

1.37

  

12.34

1.68

  

 T3

18.82

1.27

  

13.21

1.26

  

14.76

1.54

  

 ∑DBP a

(n = 104)

   

(n = 102)

   

(n = 103)

   

 T1

18.28

1.51

0.117

0.373

11.11

1.52

0.142

0.089

13.13

1.76

0.018

0.022

 T2

16.71

1.24

  

11.10

1.24

  

12.65

1.44

  

 T3

19.44

1.49

  

13.41

1.50

  

16.68

1.73

  

7–9 years of age

 MBzP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

17.16

1.32

0.839

0.477

11.90

1.39

0.803

0.957

13.71

1.73

0.704

0.640

 T2

17.45

1.22

  

11.04

1.27

  

12.93

1.59

  

 T3

17.84

1.28

  

11.80

1.35

  

14.32

1.67

  

 MECPP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

16.99

1.35

0.386

0.192

10.22

1.41

0.296

0.136

11.18

1.74

0.111

0.126

 T2

17.16

1.16

  

11.62

1.21

  

14.34

1.49

  

 T3

18.51

1.28

  

12.24

1.34

  

14.03

1.65

  

 MEHHP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

17.12

1.29

0.058

0.074

10.87

1.38

0.371

0.201

12.02

1.72

0.269

0.119

 T2

16.49

1.15

  

11.06

1.23

  

13.56

1.53

  

 T3

19.19

1.23

  

12.50

1.32

  

14.57

1.64

  

 MEHP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

17.31

1.41

0.794

0.494

10.54

1.48

0.476

0.222

10.99

1.81

0.102

0.063

 T2

17.33

1.12

  

11.47

1.17

  

14.00

1.44

  

 T3

18.06

1.36

  

12.14

1.42

  

14.07

1.74

  

 MEOHP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

16.54

1.31

0.294

0.104

10.46

1.38

0.444

0.216

11.78

1.71

0.203

0.364

 T2

17.32

1.15

  

11.57

1.21

  

14.52

1.50

  

 T3

18.47

1.26

  

12.12

1.33

  

13.33

1.64

  

 MEP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

16.71

1.20

0.078

0.078

10.73

1.28

0.197

0.145

12.74

1.61

0.646

0.333

 T2

16.14

1.33

  

10.44

1.41

  

13.70

1.78

  

 T3

18.71

1.17

  

12.55

1.24

  

14.20

1.57

  

 MiBP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

15.60

1.22

0.025

0.007

9.82

1.29

0.084

0.046

12.39

1.63

0.201

0.551

 T2

18.11

1.32

  

12.39

1.41

  

15.47

1.76

  

 T3

18.87

1.17

  

12.55

1.24

  

13.59

1.56

  

 MiNP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

16.82

1.26

0.493

0.477

10.94

1.32

0.620

0.362

11.51

1.61

0.047

0.103

 T2

18.24

1.29

  

11.10

1.37

  

15.29

1.65

  

 T3

17.60

1.20

  

12.09

1.26

  

14.13

1.52

  

 MnBP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

16.49

1.23

0.100

0.026

10.53

1.29

0.086

0.037

12.28

1.64

0.391

0.313

 T2

17.25

1.22

  

11.07

1.28

  

14.40

1.62

  

 T3

18.96

1.23

  

13.11

1.29

  

14.01

1.63

  

 ∑DEHP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

17.16

1.37

0.674

0.362

10.43

1.43

0.463

0.257

11.21

1.76

0.104

0.437

 T2

17.41

1.11

  

11.71

1.17

  

14.59

1.43

  

 T3

18.22

1.37

  

11.99

1.44

  

12.69

1.77

  

 ∑DBP b

(n = 110)

   

(n = 108)

   

(n = 109)

   

 T1

16.10

1.25

0.011

0.002

10.30

1.31

0.011

0.005

12.26

1.70

0.433

0.214

 T2

17.00

1.16

  

10.72

1.22

  

13.92

1.57

  

 T3

19.40

1.20

  

13.57

1.25

  

14.19

1.62

  
  1. Tertiles of phthalate at 3-5 years of age: MBzP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 7.26; T3: > 16.80; MECPP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 87.97; T3: > 152.11; MEHHP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 98.76; T3: > 188.49; MEHP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 17.17; T3: > 31.69; MEOHP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 63.56; T3: > 113.67; MEP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 16.81; T3: > 36.02; MiBP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 65.73; T3: > 121.24; MiNP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 3.94; T3: > 6.36; MnBP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 102.16; T3: > 182.81; ∑DEHP(μmol/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 0.97; T3: > 1.60; ∑DBP(μmol/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 0.77; T3: > 1.35
  2. Tertiles of phthalate at 7-9 years of age: MBzP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 5.97; T3: > 13.19; MECPP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 55.91; T3: > 100.57; MEHHP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 69.00; T3: > 110.70; MEHP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 12.93; T3: > 24.57; MEOHP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 39.49; T3: > 66.81; MEP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 10.35; T3: > 18.86; MiBP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 49.64; T3: > 81.93; MiNP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 3.41; T3: > 5.65; MnBP(μg/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 76.64; T3: > 134.57; ∑DEHP(μmol/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 0.64; T3: > 1.04; ∑DBP(μmol/g creatinine): T1: ≤ 0.55; T3: > 0.99
  3. MBzP Mono-benzyl phthalate, MECPP Mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate, MEHHP Mono(2-ethyl-5hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, MEHP Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, MEOHP Mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, MEP Monoethyl phthalate, MiBP Monoisobutyl phthalate, MiNP Monoisononyl phthalate, MnBP Mono-n-butyl phthalate, ΣDEHP Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate = MECPP, MEHHP, MEHP and MEOHP, ∑DBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) = MiBP and MnBP
  4. AST Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT Alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP Gamma-glutamyl transferase
  5. aAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, mother’s education level, monthly household income at 3–5 years of age, second-hand smoke exposure, and physical inactivity level at 10–15 years of age
  6. bAdjusted for age, sex, BMI, mother’s education level, monthly household income at 7–9 years of age, second-hand smoke exposure, and physical inactivity level at 10–15 years of age