Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and adherence to Mediterranean diet in an adult population: the Mediterranean diet index as a pollution level index

García, Silvia; Bouzas, Cristina; Mateos, David; Pastor, Rosario; Álvarez, Laura; Rubín, María; Martínez-González, Miguel Ángel; Salas-Salvadó, Jordi; Corella, Dolores; Goday, Albert; Martínez, J. Alfredo; Alonso-Gómez, Ángel M.; Wärnberg, Julia; Vioque, Jesús; Romaguera, Dora; Lopez-Miranda, José; Estruch, Ramon; Tinahones, Francisco J.; Lapetra, José; Serra-Majem, Lluís; Riquelme-Gallego, Blanca; Pintó, Xavier; Gaforio, José J.; Matía, Pilar; Vidal, Josep; Vázquez, Clotilde; Daimiel, Lidia; Ros, Emilio; Bes-Rastrollo, Maira; Guillem-Saiz, Patricia; Nishi, Stephanie; Cabanes, Robert; Abete, Itziar; Goicolea-Güemez, Leire; Gómez-Gracia, Enrique; Signes-Pastor, Antonio José; Colom, Antoni; García-Ríos, Antonio; Castro-Barquero, Sara; Fernández-García, Jose C.; Santos-Lozano, José Manuel; Vázquez, Zenaida; Sorlí, José V.; Pascual, Maria; Castañer, Olga; Zulet, Maria Angeles; Vaquero-Luna, Jessica; Basterra-Gortari, F. Javier; Babio, Nancy; Ciurana, Ramon; Martín-Sánchez, Vicente; Tur, Josep A.

doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00956-7

Environmental Health

Table 2 Association (Odd Ratio and 95% Confidence interval) between the adherence to the energy restricted Mediterranean diet components (dependent variables) and quartiles of dietary kg CO₂ emissions (independent variables)

From: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and adherence to Mediterranean diet in an adult population: the Mediterranean diet index as a pollution level index

		Q1 § ≤2.01 kg CO₂/day n = 1661	Q2 § 2.02-2.34 kg CO₂/day n = 1662	Q3 § 2.35-2.80 kg CO₂/day n = 1663	Q4 § > 2.80 kg CO₂/day n = 1660	p for trend
erMedDiet 17-items
1.EVOO for cooking	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.00 (0.84-1.18)	0.95 (0.80-1.13)	0.94 (0.79-1.11)	0.821
1.EVOO for cooking	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.98 (0.83-1.16)	0.93(0.78-1.10)	0.89 (0.75-1.05)	0.507
2.Vegetables	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.98 (0.86-1.13)	0.84 (0.73-0.96)	0.75 (0.65-0.87)	< 0.001
2.Vegetables	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.99 (0.86-1.14)	0.85 (0.74-0.98)	0.77 (0.67-0.89)	0.001
3.Fruits	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.81 (0.71-0.93)	0.61 (0.54-0.71)	0.47 (0.41-0.55)	< 0.001
3.Fruits	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.82 (0.72-0.94)	0.64 (0.55-0.73)	0.50 (0.43-0.57)	< 0.001
4.Red and processed meat	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.65 (0.56-0.74)	0.46 (0.40-0.52)	0.29 (0.25-0.33)	< 0.001
4.Red and processed meat	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.65 (0.57-0.75)	0.47 (0.41-0.54)	0.30 (0.26-0.35)	< 0.001
5.Butter, margarine, cream	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.18 (0.99-1.40)	1.05 (0.89-1.25)	1.11 (0.94-1.31)	0.275
5.Butter, margarine, cream	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.18 (0.99-1.40)	1.05 (0.89-1.24)	1.10 (0.92-1.30)	0.305
6.Sugar sweetened beverages	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.05 (0.89-1.23)	0.95 (0.81-1.11)	0.97 (0.83-1.13)	0.610
6.Sugar sweetened beverages	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.06 (0.90-1.24)	0.97 (0.83-1.13)	1.00 (0.85-1.17)	0.758
7.Legumes	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.75 (0.67-0.89)	0.62 (0.52-0.73)	0.65 (0.54-0.77)	< 0.001
7.Legumes	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.75 (0.64-0.89)	0.62 (0.52-0.73)	0.65 (0.55-0.77)	< 0.001
8.Fish and seafood	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.41 (1.23-1.61)	1.39 (1.21-1.59)	1.46 (1.27-1.67)	< 0.001
8.Fish and seafood	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.41 (1.23-1.62)	1.41 (1.23-1.62)	1.48 (1.29-1.70)	< 0.001
9.Sweets and pastries	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.92 (0.80-1.05)	0.538
9.Sweets and pastries	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.557
10.Nuts	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.97 (0.85-1.11)	0.93 (0.81-1.07)	0.77 (0.67-0.88)	0.001
10.Nuts	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.96 (0.84-1.10)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.75 (0.65-0.86)	< 0.001
11.Preference white over red meat	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.85 (0.71-1.01)	0.56 (0.47-0.66)	0.27 (0.23-0.31)	< 0.001
11.Preference white over red meat	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.86 (0.72-1.03)	0.58 (0.49-0.69)	0.28 (0.24-0.33)	< 0.001
12.Sofrito	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.96 (0.83-1.10)	0.93 (0.81-1.07)	0.68 (0.59-0.77)	< 0.001
12.Sofrito	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.96 (0.83-1.10)	0.93 (0.81-1.07)	0.68 (0.59-0.78)	< 0.001
13.Adding sugar to beverages	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.02 (0.89-1.18)	0.91 (0.79-1.05)	1.07 (0.93-1.23)	0.171
13.Adding sugar to beverages	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.03 (0.89-1.19)	0.94 (0.81-1.08)	1.10 (0.96-1.28)	0.161
14.White bread	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.92 (0.80-1.05)	0.85 (0.74-0.98)	0.87 (0.76-1.00)	0.099
14.White bread	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.92 (0.80-1.06)	0.87 (0.76-1.00)	0.90 (0.78-1.03)	0.243
15.Whole grains	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.91 (0.79-1.06)	0.74 (0.64-0.86)	0.54 (0.46-0.64)	< 0.001
15.Whole grains	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.91 (0.79-1.06)	0.75 (0.65-0.88)	0.55 (0.47-0.64)	< 0.001
16.Refined cereals	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.93 (0.80-1.07)	0.90 (0.78-1.04)	0.80 (0.69-0.93)	0.029
16.Refined cereals	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.93 (0.80-1.08)	0.92 (0.80-1.07)	0.82 (0.71-0.95)	0.080
17.Wine	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.48 (1.25-1.75)	1.51 (1.27-1.78)	1.34 (1.14-1.59)	< 0.001
17.Wine	Adjusted OR	1.00 (Ref.)	1.47 (1.24-1.75)	1.44 (1.21-1.71)	1.23 (1.03-1.46)	< 0.001
MedDiet Adherence	Crude OR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.87 (0.76-1.00)	0.69 (0.60-0.79)	0.48 (0.42-0.55)	< 0.001
MedDiet Adherence	AdjustedOR	1.00 (Ref.)	0.87 (0.76-1.00)	0.71 (0.61-0.81)	0.49 (0.43-0.56)	< 0.001

Abbreviations: erMedDiet energy-reduced Mediterranean diet, EVOO Extra Virgin Olive Oil, MedDiet Mediterranean Diet, OR Odds Ratio, Adjusted OR Odds Ratio adjusted by sociodemographic characteristics (sex, scholar level and age).
§Kg of CO₂ per consumed food = Kg of each consumed food from FFQ*Kg CO₂ emitted per kg of each food (EU data base 2016)

Back to article page

ISSN: 1476-069X

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com