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Table 3 Associations between adult body composition indices and early life environmental factors (n = 332)

From: Early-life residential green spaces and traffic exposure in association with young adult body composition: a longitudinal birth cohort study of twins

 

Crude

 

Adjusteda

  

MZMC adjusted

 

MZDC adjusted

 

DZ adjusted

 
 

Exp(B)

95% CI

Exp(B)

95% CI

P-interactionc

Exp(B)

95% CI

Exp(B)

95% CI

Exp(B)

95% CI

Distance to nearest major road (IQR = 508 m)

           

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.013

[0.997–1.030]

1.006

[0.988–1.024]

0.35

1.022

[0.994–1.051]

0.991

[0.956–1.029]

1.002

[0.975–1.030]

 Leptin (ng/ml)

1.034

[0.908–1.178]

0.995

[0.915–1.083]

0.44

1.045

[0.911–1.198]

0.861

[0.725–1.022]

1.027

[0.900–1.171]

 Waist-to-hip ratio (%)

1.000

[0.990–1.010]

1.000

[0.993–1.007]

0.56

1.010

[0.996–1.024]

0.999

[0.984–1.013]

0.995

[0.986–1.005]

 Waist circumference (cm)

1.006

[0.993–1.019]

1.003

[0.991–1.016]

0.38

1.017

[0.998–1.037]

0.993

[0.965–1.021]

1.004

[0.985–1.023]

 Skinfold thickness (mm)

0.993

[0.941–1.047]

0.980

[0.937–1.025]

0.58

0.975

[0.899–1.056]

0.938

[0.857–1.027]

1.005

[0.935–1.081]

 Body fat (%)

1.018

[0.969–1.070]

1.008

[0.978–1.039]

0.53

1.012

[0.945–1.084]

1.035

[0.979–1.095]

0.983

[0.944–1.024]

Distance to nearest highway (IQR = 5671 m)

           

 BMI (kg/m2)

0.992

[0.967–1.018]

1.004

[0.975–1.034]

0.08

1.051

[0.993–1.114]

0.972

[0.931–1.014]

1.040

[0.986–1.096]

 Leptin (ng/ml)

1.200

[0.985–1.461]

1.093

[0.951–1.257]

0.39

1.185

[0.894–1.572]

0.883

[0.705–1.102]

1.254

[0.949–1.656]

 Waist-to-hip ratio (%)

1.004

[0.989–1.020]

1.012

[1.002–1.023]*

0.86

1.023

[0.994–1.053]

1.013

[0.998–1.029]

1.000

[0.979–1.022]

 Waist circumference (cm)

0.999

[0.979–1.019]

1.012

[0.992–1.033]

0.06

1.057

[1.013–1.102]*

0.975

[0.942–1.009]

1.009

[0.971–1.049]

 Skinfold thickness (mm)

1.038

[0.958–1.127]

1.027

[0.958–1.101]

0.47

1.088

[0.926–1.277]

1.009

[0.913–1.116]

0.996

[0.849–1.171]

 Body fat (%)

1.058

[0.981–1.142]

1.026

[0.978–1.076]

0.11

1.140

[0.999–1.300]

1.006

[0.946–1.071]

0.996

[0.902–1.100]

Land cover of green spacesb (IQR = 2.9%)

           

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.011

[1.002–1.022]*

1.010

[1.000–1.020]

0.31

1.009

[0.991–1.029]

1.022

[1.001–1.044]*

1.003

[0.989–1.018]

 Leptin (ng/ml)

1.045

[0.966–1.131]

1.033

[0.984–1.085]

0.08

0.984

[0.897–1.078]

1.106

[0.992–1.229]

1.000

[0.928–1.077]

 Waist-to-hip ratio (%)

1.003

[0.997–1.009]

1.008

[1.004–1.013]*

< 0.01*

1.013

[1.005–1.021]*

1.014

[1.006–1.022]*

0.998

[0.991–1.005]

 Waist circumference (cm)

1.008

[1.000–1.015]

1.014

[1.005–1.022]*

0.21

1.017

[1.004–1.030]*

1.021

[1.001–1.042]*

1.008

[0.995–1.021]

 Skinfold thickness (mm)

1.031

[0.999–1.065]

1.022

[0.994–1.050]

0.51

1.001

[0.949–1.056]

1.074

[1.019–1.132]*

1.010

[0.971–1.051]

 Body fat (%)

1.018

[0.987–1.049]

1.023

[1.002–1.044]*

0.18

1.000

[0.957–1.045]

1.038

[1.006–1.070]*

1.040

[1.007–1.074]*

  1. Percent change is calculated by subtracting 1 from Exp(B) and multiplying this number by 100. Note: Coefficients are expressed per interquartile range (IQR) increase in the environmental variable
  2. Abbreviations: Exp(B) exponentiated beta coefficient, IQR Interquartile range, CI Confidence interval
  3. *p-value< 0.05
  4. a BMI was adjusted for zygosity/chorionicity, maternal weight before pregnancy, adult age, maternal age, and maternal height; Leptin was adjusted for maternal weight before pregnancy, maternal education, neighborhood household income, physical activity, maternal smoking, and sex; Waist-to-hip ratio was adjusted for neighborhood household income, maternal smoking, physical activity, parity, sex, adult age, maternal age, maternal height, and smoking status of twin; Waist circumference was adjusted for maternal weight before pregnancy, maternal smoking, adult age, physical activity, sex, maternal height, maternal education, maternal age, and parity; Skinfold-thickness was adjusted for maternal smoking, adult age, maternal age, physical activity, and sex; Body fat was adjusted for maternal smoking, adult age, physical activity, parity, and sex. b Estimated in a buffer of 5000 m. c P-value for the interaction term with zygosity/chorionicity (exposure* zygosity/chorionicity).