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Table 4 Associations between adult body composition indices and early-life environmental factors after adjustment of environmental co-effect (n = 332)

From: Early-life residential green spaces and traffic exposure in association with young adult body composition: a longitudinal birth cohort study of twins

 

Adjusteda

 

MZMC adjusted

 

MZDC adjusted

 

DZ adjusted

 
 

Exp(B)

95% CI

Exp(B)

95% CI

Exp(B)

95% CI

Exp(B)

95% CI

Distance to nearest major roadb (IQR = 508 m)

        

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.006

[0.989–1.024]

1.019

[0.992–1.047]

0.994

[0.961–1.029]

0.996

[0.968–1.024]

 Leptin (ng/ml)

0.991

[0.911–1.077]

1.052

[0.917–1.204]

0.874

[0.740–1.031]

1.008

[0.883–1.148]

 Waist-to-hip ratio (%)

1.001

[0.994–1.008]

1.007

[0.996–1.019]

1.001

[0.988–1.014]

0.994

[0.984–1.004]

 Waist circumference (cm)

1.004

[0.992–1.016]

1.010

[0.994–1.027]

0.995

[0.968–1.022]

1.006

[0.986–1.025]

 Skinfold thickness (mm)

0.979

[0.936–1.024]

0.974

[0.899–1.055]

0.947

[0.871–1.030]

1.006

[0.935–1.082]

 Body fat (%)

1.009

[0.979–1.039]

1.008

[0.944–1.077]

1.032

[0.978–1.089]

0.992

[0.953–1.032]

Distance to nearest highwayc (IQR = 5671 m)

        

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.003

[0.974–1.032]

1.056

[0.999–1.117]

0.965

[0.927–1.005]

1.042

[0.986–1.101]

 Leptin (ng/ml)

1.097

[0.954–1.261]

1.180

[0.890–1.564]

0.900

[0.721–1.095]

1.251

[0.942–1.660]

 Waist-to-hip ratio (%)

1.013

[1.002–1.023]*

1.035

[1.009–1.062]*

1.010

[0.996–1.025]

1.002

[0.980–1.023]

 Waist circumference (cm)

1.013

[0.993–1.033]

1.056

[1.017–1.096]*

0.981

[0.948–1.014]

1.011

[0.972–1.051]

 Skinfold thickness (mm)

1.030

[0.961–1.103]

1.093

[0.929–1.286]

0.997

[0.910–1.092]

0.996

[0.847–1.173]

 Body fat (%)

1.025

[0.978–1.075]

1.143

[1.000–1.079]

1.001

[0.944–1.061]

1.010

[0.919–1.112]

Land cover of green spacesd (IQR = 2.9%)

        

 BMI (kg/m2)

1.010

[1.000–1.020]*

1.011

[0.993–1.030]

1.024

[1.003–1.045]*

1.004

[0.989–1.018]

 Leptin (ng/ml)

1.034

[0.984–1.085]

0.984

[0.898–1.078]

1.086

[0.977–1.205]

1.002

[0.932–1.078]

 Waist-to-hip ratio (%)

1.008

[1.004–1.013]*

1.014

[1.007–1.022]*

1.013

[1.005–1.021]*

0.996

[0.989–1.004]

 Waist circumference (cm)

1.014

[1.006–1.022]*

1.016

[1.005–1.028]*

1.018

[0.997–1.039]

1.009

[0.996–1.023]

 Skinfold thickness (mm)

1.022

[0.994–1.050]

1.009

[0.956–1.065]

1.071

[1.017–1.128]*

1.010

[0.971–1.051]

 Body fat (%)

1.023

[1.002–1.044]*

1.006

[0.964–1.051]

1.037

[1.005–1.069]*

1.039

[1.006–1.073]*

  1. Percent change is calculated by subtracting 1 from Exp(B) and multiplying this number by 100. Note: Coefficients are expressed per interquartile range (IQR) increase in the environmental variable
  2. Abbreviations: IQR Interquartile range, CI Confidence interval
  3. * p-value < 0.05
  4. a BMI was adjusted for zygosity/chorionicity, maternal weight before pregnancy, adult age, maternal age, and maternal height; Leptin was adjusted for maternal weight before pregnancy, maternal education, neighborhood household income, physical activity, maternal smoking, and sex; Waist-to-hip ratio was adjusted for neighborhood household income, maternal smoking, physical activity, parity, sex, adult age, maternal age, maternal height, and smoking status of twin; Waist circumference was adjusted for maternal weight before pregnancy, maternal smoking, adult age, physical activity, sex, maternal height, maternal education, maternal age, and parity; Skinfold-thickness was adjusted for maternal smoking, adult age, maternal age, physical activity, and sex; Body fat was adjusted for maternal smoking, adult age, physical activity, parity, and sex. b Additionally adjusted for distance to highway and green spaces. c Additionally adjusted for distance to major road and green spaces. d Additionally adjusted for distance to major road and distance to highway. Estimated in a buffer of 5000 m