Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and deaths during follow-up
Variable | Study population (SNC) | Deaths during follow-up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural cause | Cardiovascular | Respiratory | ||
N participants total | 4,293,521 | 673,946 | 246,840 | 44,489 |
N participants with complete data | 4,188,175 | 661,534 | 241,985 | 43,612 |
N person years | 53,344,296 | Â | Â | Â |
Individual level covariates | ||||
 Age (mean +–Sd) | 52.7 (15.2) | 72.1 (12.3) | 75.7 (10.9) | 74.6 (10.6) |
 Women (%) | 52.0 | 50.4 | 52.9 | 44.7 |
 Country origin (% Swiss) | 83.1 | 92.4 | 94.1 | 92.8 |
 Marital status (%) | ||||
  Single | 14.0 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 9.7 |
  Married | 69.3 | 55.7 | 51.1 | 54.0 |
  Divorced | 8.7 | 7.8 | 6.4 | 8.3 |
  Widowed | 8.1 | 26.8 | 33.3 | 27.9 |
 Education (%) | ||||
  Low (compulsory education or less) | 24.5 | 40.4 | 44.6 | 43.8 |
  Medium (upper secondary level) | 52.7 | 46.5 | 44.0 | 45.0 |
  High (tertiary level) | 22.7 | 13.2 | 11.3 | 11.2 |
 Occupational status (%) | ||||
  Employed/self-employed | 61.4 | 18.1 | 11.9 | 11.5 |
  Unemployed | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 |
  Homemaker | 14.6 | 8.3 | 4.8 | 7.3 |
  Retired | 21.8 | 72.4 | 82.6 | 80.4 |
 Mother tongue (%) | ||||
  German and Rhaeto-Romansch | 65.1 | 69.8 | 73.7 | 65.6 |
  French | 19.6 | 20.9 | 18.5 | 24.6 |
  Italian | 7.4 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 7.8 |
  Other | 8.0 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 2.0 |
Area level covariates (mean +–Sd) | ||||
 Neighborhood socio-economic position (SEP) score | 63.0 (7.3) | 62.7 (7.3) | 62.6 (7.3) | 62.1 (7.4) |
 Neighborhood unemployment rate | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.6) | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.6 (1.6) |
 Neighborhood low education rate | 28.4 (7.3) | 28.9 (7.4) | 28.9 (7.4) | 29.4 (7.5) |
 Neighborhood high education rate | 19.8 (7.5) | 19.6 (7.5) | 19.2 (7.3) | 19.4 (7.6) |
Exposures (mean +–Sd) | ||||
 PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 15.9 (2.4) | 16.0 (2.4) | 15.9 (2.4) | 15.9 (2.6) |
 NO2 (µg/m3) | 23.7 (7.4) | 24.0 (7.6) | 23.6 (7.5) | 24.0 (7.9) |
 BC (10–5/m) | 1.67 (0.35) | 1.69 (0.36) | 1.67 (0.35) | 1.69 (0.40) |
 O3 warm (µg/m3) | 94.8 (5.9) | 94. 7 (6.1) | 94.9 (6.0) | 94.8 (6.3) |
 PM2.5 Cu (ng/m3) | 5.2 (2.7) | 5.3 (2.7) | 5.1 (2.7) | 5.2 (2.9) |
 PM2.5 Fe (ng/m3) | 108.4 (46.9) | 110.3 (48.0) | 107.9 (46.7) | 110.1 (49.7) |
 PM2.5 S (ng/m3) | 646.6 (85.0) | 646.9 (87.8) | 644.1 (87.4) | 644.0 (92.3) |
 PM2.5 Zn (ng/m3) | 20.8 (18.5) | 21.4 (19.0) | 21.0 (19.1) | 21.0 (18.9) |
 Total transportation noise (dB Lden) | 55.9 (8.2) | 56.4 (8.2) | 56.3 (8.2) | 56.6 (8.3) |
 Road traffic noise (dB Lden) | 54.2 (8.1) | 54.8 (8.1) | 54.8 (8.2) | 55.0 (8.2) |