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Table 3 Subset analysis: hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for associations with mortality by cause, single exposure models (Model 3)

From: Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland

Exposure

subset

N

%

Natural cause mortality

CVD mortality

Respiratory mortality

PM2.5

Full

4,188,175

100.0

1.026 (1.015, 1.038)

1.026 (1.008, 1.044)

0.981 (0.953, 1.010)

 < 25

4,184,842

99.9

1.027 (1.017, 1.038)

1.028 (1.011, 1.046)

0.980 (0.951, 1.009)

 < 20

4,127,077

98.5

1.038 (1.026, 1.049)

1.039 (1.020, 1.058)

0.968 (0.933, 1.003)

 < 15

1,128,701

26.9

1.012 (0.992, 1.033)

1.016 (0.985, 1.049)

0.886 (0.829, 0.946)

 < 12

265,253

6.3

1.024 (0.983, 1.067)

1.051 (0.986, 1.120)

0.788 (0.690, 0.899)

NO2

Full

4,188,175

100.0

1.050 (1.041, 1.059)

1.026 (1.014, 1.039)

1.051 (1.031, 1.072)

 < 40

4,087,413

97.6

1.057 (1.049, 1.066)

1.034 (1.021, 1.047)

1.044 (1.020, 1.069)

 < 30

3,406,891

81.3

1.059 (1.049, 1.068)

1.038 (1.022, 1.053)

1.023 (0.993, 1.053)

 < 20

1,331,208

31.8

1.018 (1.000, 1.036)

0.996 (0.968, 1.024)

0.945 (0.889, 1.004)

BC

Full

4,188,175

100.0

1.057 (1.048, 1.067)

1.036 (1.022, 1.051)

1.067 (1.043, 1.090)

 < 3

4,177,681

99.7

1.060 (1.051, 1.070)

1.039 (1.024, 1.053)

1.068 (1.043, 1.093)

 < 2.5

4,094,565

97.8

1.066 (1.055, 1.076)

1.045 (1.029, 1.061)

1.064 (1.036, 1.092)

 < 2

3,494,997

83.4

1.074 (1.062, 1.086)

1.054 (1.034, 1.075)

1.039 (1.003, 1.076)

 < 1.5

1,471,268

35.1

1.039 (1.013, 1.066)

1.051 (1.011, 1.093)

0.945 (0.867, 1.030)

O3 warm

Full

4,188,175

100.0

0.946 (0.939, 0.954)

0.958 (0.946, 0.970)

0.947 (0.924, 0.971)

 < 120

4,188,175

100.0

0.946 (0.939, 0.954)

0.958 (0.946, 0.970)

0.947 (0.924, 0.971)

 < 100

3,411,297

81.5

0.933 (0.921, 0.945)

0.963 (0.945, 0.982)

0.896 (0.867, 0.926)

Total noise

Full

4,188,175

100.0

1.045 (1.040, 1.049)

1.041 (1.035, 1.047)

1.056 (1.043, 1.069)

 < 60

2,892,575

69.1

1.031 (1.025, 1.038)

1.028 (1.018, 1.038)

1.030 (1.007, 1.054)

 < 55

1,983,482

47.4

1.018 (1.009, 1.027)

1.008 (0.993, 1.022)

0.984 (0.953, 1.015)

 < 53

1,562,118

37.3

1.012 (1.002, 1.023)

0.998 (0.981, 1.015)

0.964 (0.929, 1.000)

  1. Exposure increments: PM2.5 per 5 µg/m3, NO2 per 10 µg/m3, BC per 0.5 × 10–5/m, O3 warm per 10 µg/m3, Total (transportation) noise per 10 dB
  2. Model 3 (main model) adjusted for age, sex, individual level variables (education level, occupational status, marital status, origin, mother tongue), and area-level SES variables (composite score, unemployment rate, low education rate, high education rate)