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Table 4 Sensitivity analysis for hazard ratio of dementia per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10

From: Long-term exposure to particulate matter and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia in Korea: a national population-based Cohort Study

 

Alzheimer’s disease

Vascular dementia

No. of event

HR*

(95% CI)

No. of event

HR*

(95% CI)

Main analysis (1-year moving average)

134,811

0.99

(0.98, 1.00)

12,215

1.05

(1.02, 1.08)

Exposure time window

      

 3-year moving average

134,811

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

12,215

1.04

(1.01, 1.07)

 5-year moving average

134,811

0.97

(0.96, 0.99)

12,215

1.02

(0.99, 1.05)

Outcome definition

      

 Restricted to secondary diagnosis and treatment for dementia

117,014

0.99

(0.98, 1.00)

9,128

1.06

(1.03, 1.10)

 ≥ 1 inpatient or outpatient diagnosis and treatment for dementia

149,579

1.00

(0.99, 1.00)

13,090

1.05

(1.03, 1.08)

 ≥ 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient diagnoses or treatment for dementia

126,323

0.98

(0.97, 0.99)

16,363

1.06

(1.03, 1.08)

 Dementia diagnosis or treatment for dementia

137,080

0.99

(0.98, 1.00)

18,790

1.06

(1.03, 1.08)

Excluded participants with death

134,732

0.99

(0.98, 1.00)

12,205

1.05

(1.02, 1.08)

Region variable

      

 Region indicator (16 province)**

134,811

0.96

(0.95, 0.97)

12,215

1.08

(1.05, 1.12)

 EDU + RECIP + Region indicator

134,811

0.96

(0.95, 0.97)

12,215

1.08

(1.05, 1.12)

Multi-pollutant models

      

 PM10 + SO2

134,811

1.00

(0.99, 1.00)

12,215

1.07

(1.04, 1.10)

 PM10 + SO2 + NO2

134,811

1.00

(0.99, 1.01)

12,215

1.07

(1.04, 1.10)

 PM10 + SO2 + NO2 + O3

134,811

1.00

(0.99, 1.01)

12,215

1.07

(1.04, 1.10)

 PM10 + SO2 + NO2 + O3 + CO

134,811

1.00

(0.99, 1.01)

12,215

1.07

(1.04, 1.10)

  1. *Adjusted for sex, age as a time-varying covariate, BMI, smoking, physical activity, insurance premium, comorbidities including depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes mellitus, CCI, proportion of basic livelihood security recipients, and proportion of people without a high school diploma.
  2. **Adjusted for sex, age as a time-varying covariate, BMI, smoking, physical activity, insurance premium, comorbidities including depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes mellitus, CCI, region.
  3. **Region indicator was classified into 16 provinces including Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Ulsan, Daejeon, Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju.
  4. Adjusted for sex, age as a time-varying covariate, BMI, smoking, physical activity, insurance premium, comorbidities including depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes mellitus, CCI, proportion of basic livelihood security recipients, proportion of people with no high school diploma, and region indicator.
  5. Adjusted for sex, age as a time-varying covariate, BMI, smoking, physical activity, insurance premium, comorbidities including depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes mellitus, CCI, proportion of basic livelihood security recipients, proportion of people with no high school diploma, and gaseous pollutants specified in each model. The HRs represent estimates of PM10 adjusting for other pollutants.
  6. BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; EDU, proportion of people with no high school diploma; RECIP, proportion of basic livelihood security recipients. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.