Maternal exposure to housing renovation during the periconceptional period and the risk of offspring with isolated congenital heart disease: a case-control study

Table 2 Association between housing renovation exposure and isolated CHD

	Indoor renovation ^a, n (%)		Model 1	Model 2 ^b	Model 3 ^c
	Yes	No	Crude OR (95%CI), P value	Adjusted OR (95%CI), P value	Adjusted OR (95%CI), P value
Control	225 (19.07)	955 (80.93)	1.47 (1.16, 1.86), 0.001	1.60 (1.23, 2.07), < 0.001	1.77 (1.34, 2.33), < 0.001
Case	151 (25.72)	436 (74.28)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Main CHD types
VSD	45 (24.46)	139 (75.54)	1.37 (0.95, 1.98), 0.089	1.41 (0.94, 2.12), 0.095	1.56 (1.01, 2.41), 0.046
ASD	16 (21.92)	57 (78.08)	1.19 (0.67, 2.11), 0.549	1.19 (0.65, 2.17), 0.570	1.28 (0.67, 2.44), 0.405
PDA	24 (32.00)	51 (68.00)	2.00 (1.20, 3.31), 0.007	1.94 (1.14, 3.28), 0.014	2.50 (1.41, 4.45), 0.002
AVSD	12 (24.49)	37 (75.51)	1.38 (0.71, 2.68), 0.348	1.26 (0.63, 2.52), 0.515	1.36 (0.65, 2.86), 0.414
TOF	11 (24.44)	34 (75.56)	1.37 (0.69, 2.75), 0.371	1.35 (0.64, 2.87), 0.428	1.45 (0.65, 3.21), 0.365

^a 213 women (18.05%) were exposed to housing renovation at home, and 12 women (1.02%) were exposed to housing renovation at work in the control group; 146 (24.87%) were exposed to housing renovation at home, and 5 (0.85%) were exposed to housing renovation at work in the case group
^b Model 2 adjusted maternal age, BMI, education, ethnicity, residence, family wealth index
^c Model 3 adjusted maternal age, BMI, education, ethnicity, residence, family wealth index, parity, abortion history, family history of birth defects, active or passive smoke, drinking, folic acid supplement, fever, taking medicine, GDM, TORCH infections and industries exposure
VSD: ventricular septal defect; ASD:atrial septal defect; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; AVSD: atrioventricular septal defect; TOF: tetralogy of Fallot

ISSN: 1476-069X