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Table 11 Studies evaluating fish consumption as a determinant of maternal or neonatal PFAS concentrations by PFAS, study design, and findings

From: Determinants of maternal and neonatal PFAS concentrations: a review

PFAS (study design)a

N

Positive findings

N

Negative findings

N

Null findings

Legacy PFAS

 PFOA (C/L)

–

–

–

–

6

[60, 61, 65, 73, 76, 81]

 PFOA (C-S)

3

[86, 92, 94]

–

–

4

[64, 83, 84, 90]

 PFOS (C/L)

3

[65, 73, 75]

–

–

4

[60, 61, 76, 81]

 PFOS (C-S)

4

[83, 84, 86, 94]

–

–

2

[64, 92]

 PFNA (C/L)

3

[65, 73, 75]

1

[81]

3

[60, 61, 76]

 PFNA (C-S)

3

[64, 86, 94]

–

–

2

[83, 84]

 PFHxS (C/L)

–

–

–

–

6

[60, 61, 65, 73, 76, 81]

 PFHxS (C-S)

1

[94]

–

–

5

[64, 83, 84, 86, 90]

Other PFAS

 PFBS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFDeA (C/L)

2

[65, 73]

–

–

–

–

 PFDeA (C-S)

1

[86]

–

–

1

[90]

 PFDoA (C/L)

1

[73]

–

–

–

–

 PFDoA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFDS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[90]

 PFHpA (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[73]

 PFHpA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFHpS (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[65]

 PFOSA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFPeA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[90]

 PFUnDA (C/L)

2

[65, 73]

–

–

–

–

 PFUnDA (C-S)

2

[86, 90]

–

-

1

[64]

 ΣPFAS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[90]

  1. a C/L Cohort/longitudinal studies, C-S Cross-sectional studies, PFOA Perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOS Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFNA Perfluorononanoic acid, PFHxS Perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFBS Perfluorobutane sulfonate, PFDeA Perfluorodecanoic acid, PFDoA Perfluorododecanoic acid, PFDS Perfluorodecane sulfonic acid, PFHpA Perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFHpS Perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid, PFOSA Perfluorooctanesulfonamide, PFPeA Perfluoropentanoic acid, PFUnDA Perfluoroundecanoic acid