Table 9 Studies evaluating nationality, race, or country of origin as a determinant of maternal or neonatal PFAS concentrations by PFAS, study design, and findings

Legacy PFAS

 PFOA (C/L)

3

[42, 76, 78]

2

[61, 62]

 PFOA (C-S)

4

[67, 72, 83, 93]

4

[64, 66, 77, 92]

 PFOS (C/L)

5

[42, 61, 62, 76, 78]

 PFOS (C-S)

4

[64, 67, 72, 83]

4

[66, 77, 92, 93]

 PFNA (C/L)

3

[42, 76, 78]

 PFNA (C-S)

3

[64, 83, 93]

3

[64, 66, 77]

 PFHxS (C/L)

4

[42, 61, 62, 76]

1

[78]

 PFHxS (C-S)

1

[83]

4

[64, 66, 77, 93]

Other PFAS

 Et-PFOSA-AcOH (C/L)

1

[78]

1

[42]

 Me-PFOSA-AcOH (C/L)

1

[78]

 PFDeA (C-S)

–

–

1

[93]

 PFHpS (C-S)

1

[93]

–

–

 PFUnDA (C-S)

–

–

2

[64, 93]