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Table 2 Incidence rate ratios for cancer in association with NOx at the residence from 1971 onwards

From: Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study

Cancer site (ICD-7)

IRa

Nb

Ncases c

Incidence rate ratio (95% CI),

per 100 μg/m3 NOx

Adjustment variablesd

    

Crude

Adjusted

 

Buccal cavity and pharynx (140-148)

0.19

53177

94

1.94 (1.01;3.76)

1.63 (0.79;3.37)

Smokinge, education, fruit, alcohol, occupation

Esophagus (150)

0.15

53177

77

1.62 (0.72;3.62)

1.21 (0.49;2.98)

Smoking, education, fruit, alcohol, occupation

Stomach (151)

0.15

53177

80

0.80 (0.27;2.35)

0.65 (0.21;2.02)

Smoking, education, fruit, vegetables, occupation

Colon (153)

0.81

52609

414

1.11 (0.74;1.67)

0.93 (0.60;1.46)

Smoking, physical activity, red meat, fiber, alcohol, BMI, HRT, occupation

Rectum (154)

0.47

52609

246

0.83 (0.46;1.50)

0.80 (0.43;1.48)

Smoking, physical activity, red meat, fiber, alcohol, BMI, HRT, occupation

Liver (155.0)

0.10

54160

57

2.14 (0.96;4.75)

1.66 (0.70;3.94)

Smoking status, alcohol, education, occupation

Pancreas (157)

0.21

54171

112

0.70 (0.27;1.83)

0.64 (0.24;1.71)

Smoking status, BMI, education, occupation

Larynx (161)

0.11

53177

64

1.22 (0.45;3.31)

0.80 (0.26;2.46)

Smoking, education, fruit, alcohol, occupation

Breast (170)

3.57

27735

987

1.39 (1.09;1.77)

1.16 (0.89;1.51)

BMI, education, alcohol, childbirths (number and age at first), lactation, HRT, benign breast disease, physical activity, occupation

Cervix (171)

0.13

27678

35

2.78 (1.18;6.58)

2.45 (1.01;5.93)

Smoking, education, oral contraceptives

Uteri (172)

0.62

27836

171

1.30 (0.71;2.35)

1.15 (0.60;2.21)

HRT, oral contraceptives, BMI, physical activity, number of childbirths, smoking status

Ovary (175)

0.40

28157

111

0.88 (0.36;2.13)

0.81 (0.33;1.99)

Number of childbirths, oral contraceptives, HRT, lactation, occupation

Prostate (177)

2.61

25803

673

0.97 (0.68;1.38)

0.96 (0.67;1.37)

Education, selenium intake, calcium intake, occupation

Kidney (180)

0.20

46259

95

2.14 (1.21;3.79)

1.73 (0.89;3.73)

BMI, smoking, hypertension, education, occupation

Bladder (181)

0.42

53234

221

1.54 (0.96;2.46)

1.32 (0.80;2.19)

Smoking, education, occupation

Melanoma (190)

0.42

53964

226

0.50 (0.23;1.07)

0.52 (0.24;1.11)

Education, skin reaction, tanning, nevi, freckles

Brain (193)

0.17

54304

95

2.28 (1.24;4.17)

2.28 (1.25;4.19)

Occupation

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (200, 202)

0.36

54245

197

1.11 (0.61;2.03)

1.11 (0.61;2.03)

Education, occupation

Myeloma (203)

0.12

54262

68

0.31 (0.06;1.56)

0.31 (0.06;1.56)

BMI

Leukemia (204)

0.21

54238

117

0.44 (0.15;1.33)

0.47 (0.16;1.39)

Smoking status, occupation

  1. BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy
  2. a Crude incidence rate per 1,000 person-years for the full cohort, i.e. before exclusions because of failed exposure assessment or missing information on potential confounders
  3. b Number of cohort members contributing to the analyses, i.e. without missing information about exposure or any of the potential confounders
  4. c Number of cases contributing to the analyses, i.e. without missing information about exposure or any of the potential confounders
  5. d See Methods section for further specification
  6. e Adjustment for smoking status, intensity and duration (if not otherwise specified)