Figure 1
From: Approaches to integrated monitoring for environmental health impact assessment
A conceptual framework for integrated environmental health monitoring. Driving force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action (left box) describes the environmental health chain through the main components (see Additional file2) that an integrated environmental health monitoring could follow as an operational framework. With human health at the core, the main components of an integrated environmental health monitoring framework (right box) are natural systems, man-made systems, ecosystems and human systems. The interconnections between these systems are environmental monitoring, bio-monitoring, eco-surveillance and health surveillance.