From: Measuring psychological resilience to disasters: are evidence-based indicators an achievable goal?
Authors, year | Event, location and year | Indicators of resilience | Effect of the indicator on resilience | Resilient outcome (measurement) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bonanno et al., 2008 | SARS epidemic, Hong Kong (People’s Republic of China) 2003 | Physical functioning 6 months after hospitalization | positive | Psychological functioning (SF-12 - MCS) – Resilience trajectory determined by latent class analysis |
Female gender | negative | |||
Social support | positive | |||
Event-related worry | negative | |||
Lee et al., 2009 | Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans (USA) 2005 | Psychological distress | negative | Perceived sense of recovery (a dichotomous variable) |
Income | positive | |||
Human loss | negative | |||
Johannesson et al. 2011 | Tsunami, South East Asia 2005 | Intensity of exposure | negative | Resilient trajectory (IES-R ≤ 41.6 in two measurements) |
Loss of relatives | negative | |||
Highly exposed | negative | Non-impaired mental health (GHQ-12, with cut-off ≥ 3 indicating impaired mental health) | ||
Female gender | negative | |||
Loss of relatives | negative | |||
Older age > 60 years | positive | |||
Married | positive | |||
Childhood trauma | negative | |||
More than 3 traumas in adulthood | negative | |||
Recent trauma | negative | |||
Previous psychiatric illness | negative | |||
Social support | positive | |||
Hobfoll et al., 2009 | Terrorist attacks, Israel 2004-2005 | Ethnic majority | positive | Recovery trajectory (here called resilience recovery) Initial symptoms related to traumatic stress (17-item PTSD Symptom Scale) and depressive mood (5-item measure of depressive symptoms from the Patient Health Questionnaire) followed by recovery |
Income | positive | |||
Psychosocial resource loss | negative | |||
Traumatic growth | negative | |||
Male gender | positive | Resilient trajectory (here called resistance) is defined by absence of traumatic (17-item PTSD Symptom Scale) or depression symptoms (5-item measure of depressive symptoms from the Patient Health Questionnaire) at both points in time | ||
High income | positive | |||
Being secular | positive | |||
Higher education | positive | |||
Ethnic majority | positive | |||
Psychosocial resource loss | negative | |||
Social support | positive | |||
Bonanno et al., 2007 | 9/11 terrorist attack, New York (USA) 2001 | Female gender | negative | Having 1 or 0 PTSD symptoms (National Women’s Study PTSD module) at any point in the first 6 months after event |
Age > 65 year | positive | |||
Asian race/ethnicity | positive | |||
College degree | negative | |||
Depression | negative | |||
Marihuana use | negative | |||
Having an income decline | negative | |||
Having 1 or 2 chronic diseases | negative | |||
Having 3 or more chronic diseases | negative | |||
Having a medium-low level of social support | negative | |||
Being directly affected by event | negative | |||
Having 1 additional recent life stressor | negative | |||
Having 2 or more additional recent life stressors | negative | |||
Having 2 or 3 prior traumas | negative | |||
Having 4 or more prior traumas | negative | |||
Experiencing post-event trauma | negative | |||
Hobfoll et al., 2012 | Chronic exposure to political violence and social upheaval, Palestinian Authority 2007-2008 | High social support | positive | Engagement, defined as a persistent, pervasive and positive affective-motivational state of fulfillment (8-item adapted from Schaufeli, Salanova, González-romá and Bakker 2002) |
Resource loss | negative | |||
High traumatic exposure | positive | |||
Male gender | positive | |||
Being more educated | positive | |||
Younger | positive | |||
Religiosity | positive |