Table 5 Results from two-pollutant linear mixed-models: β -values are percent change in the outcome per IQR increase in a given pollutant, controlling for sex, age, smoking status, ethnic origin, time of day, study day, and the other pollutant in the model

PM_2.5 (μ g/m³) Ozone (ppm)

 5-min

3292

9.82

0.96

0.06

2.41

0.08

0.84

0.47

−1.77

0.08

65.2

−0.55

0.50

−3.82

0.07

−2.33

0.20

1.88

0.25

 30-min

3118

10.5

1.21

0.20

6.82

0.005^†

2.41

0.22

−4.09

0.01^†

66.4

−4.51

0.001^†

−7.81

0.02^†

−8.65

0.003^†

−0.81

0.75

 60-min

2917

8.72

1.80

0.06

7.66

0.002^†

4.15

0.03^†

−3.16

0.06

73.5

−6.97

0.0003^†

−13.59

0.003^†

−11.63

0.002^†

1.98

0.58

 90-min

2711

8.34

2.29

0.03^†

8.13

0.003^†

6.53

0.003^†

−1.49

0.42

65.0

−6.35

0.002^†

−14.64

0.002^†

−15.66

0.0001^†

−1.03

0.78

PM_2.5 (μ g/m³) CO (ppm)

 5-min

3240

9.82

1.02

0.049^†

2.37

0.08

0.83

0.47

−1.73

0.09

7.60

−1.32

0.09

−1.79

0.37

−2.45

0.15

−1.16

0.45

 30-min

3086

10.5

1.17

0.22

6.28

0.01^†

2.14

0.28

−3.84

0.02^†

10.2

−2.66

0.08

9.16

0.02^†

−1.52

0.63

−9.51

0.0003^†

 60-min

2891

8.72

1.45

0.14

6.49

0.009^†

3.55

0.08

−2.69

0.11

10.5

−1.77

0.32

5.81

0.20

−2.38

0.50

−7.75

0.01^†

 90-min

2685

8.34

1.83

0.09

6.94

0.01^†

5.65

0.01^†

−1.17

0.53

9.35

−0.59

0.74

4.87

0.27

−1.34

0.70

−6.19

0.04^†

PM_2.5 (μ g/m³) NO₂ (ppb)

 5-min

3292

9.82

1.08

0.04^†

2.30

0.09

0.97

0.40

−1.53

0.13

114

−2.06

0.004^†

0.54

0.77

−2.68

0.09

−3.41

0.01^†

 30-min

3118

10.5

1.36

0.15

6.61

0.007^†

2.56

0.20

−3.76

0.02^†

137

−2.29

0.05^†

4.02

0.19

−1.82

0.46

−5.52

0.007^†

 60-min

2917

8.72

1.75

0.07

7.32

0.003^†

4.01

0.04^†

−2.98

0.07

155

−2.07

0.16

4.54

0.23

−1.34

0.65

−5.59

0.03^†

 90-min

2711

8.34

1.98

0.06

7.38

0.006^†

5.71

0.009^†

−1.54

0.40

156

−1.06

0.53

4.71

0.26

−0.19

0.96

−4.89

0.09